Perspectives of Health & Well Being, Occupational Balance/Imbalance, Occupational Justice, and Disorders of Occupation

health

• not merely the absence of disease, illness, or infirmity

• seen as a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living

prereqs to health

• Peace

• Shelter

• Education

• Food

• Income

• Sustainable resources

• Social justce

Equity

health promotion

the process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health through a wide range of social and environmental interventions

intervention approach

• An approach that does not assume a disability is present or that any aspect would interfere with performance

• Designed to provide enriched contextual and activity experiences that will enhance performance for all people in the natural contexts of life

beliefs about health

what people do with their time—their occupation—is crucially important to their

well-being

primary goal of OT

to enable people to partcipate successfully in the actvites of everyday life

what people do

health and well being result from _

being responsive

_ to biologically driven needs and doing to provide the requirements of living has been central to maintaining homeostasis, preventing illness, and promoting health

balance

a situation in which different elements are in the correct proportions

• work and relaxation

• work and family life

• School and leisure and/or rest

• has profound effects on the ways in which people view, experience, and respond to their health-related circumstances, and that balance and imbalance are culturally recognized concepts that can refer to either a state or process

occupational balance

distribution of time for engagement in the habits and routines of everyday occupations; occurs when the impact of occupations on one another is harmonious, cohesive, and under control

additional definitions of occupational balance

• “extent to which people are able to organize and participate in occupations in a manner congruent with their aspirations and values”

• “having the right amount and variation of occupations in relation to occupational categories, occupations with different characteristics, and time spent in occupations”

prevention

• the action of stopping something from happening or arising

• Ill-health and disability can, in some cases, be reduced and/or prevented,

according to what people do or do not do

AOTA’S stance on prevention

occupational therapy is based on the belief that purposeful activity (occupation) may be used to prevent and mediate dysfuncton; human beings are able to influence their physical and mental health and their social and physical environment through purposeful activity

to be illness preventive

• provide opportunity for growth and development according to human capacity

• meet the prerequisites and the physiological requirements for physical, mental, and social exercise

• result in the well-working of each human organism as a whole

disability prevention

• Approach designed to address the needs of clients with or without disability who are at risk for occupational performance problems

• Approach designed to prevent the occurrence or evolution of barriers to performance in context

• Interventions may be directed at client, context, or activity variables

wellness

the condition of good physical and mental health, especially when maintained by proper diet, exercise, and habits

• the optimal state of health of individuals and groups

well-being

The total universe of human life domains, including physical, mental, and social aspects that make up what can be called a good life

• aligned with the idea of one’s perception, or state of being

• clear association with mental and emotional dimensions

well-being includes

• the presence of positive emotions and moods

• the absence of negative emotions

• satisfaction with life, fulfillment, and positive functioning In analyzing one’s perceived sense of well-being

satisfaction with life includes

• how individuals evaluate or appraise their own lives

• to what degree they consider their life good and desirable, as opposed to undesirable and negative

WHO well-being definition

• “identify and realize aspirations, satisfy needs, and change or cope with the environment”

• “the meaning and satisfaction that individuals derive from their occupational lives”

primary dimensions of physical well-being

• something a person can achieve by developing all health-related components of his/her lifestyle

• recognized as a feeling or mental state, experienced as pleasure in the exercise of the body while “doing something” and in the relaxing after affects of activity

primary dimensions of mental well being

A state of well-being in which every individual:

• realizes their own potential

• can cope with the stressors of life

• can work productively and fruitfully

• is able to make a contribution to their community
  

typically refers to well-working emotional, intellectual, and spiritual capacities

• emotional well being is a subset

primary dimensions of social well being

• to have and create vibrant, inclusive, equitable, economically productve and health societies, and to overcome national, regional, and global challenges to

  sustainable development

• interaction between material, economic, political, social, and culture contexts in which people live

justice

societal commitment to implementing the principle of equity

occupational justice

The promotion of social and economic change to increase individual, community, and political awareness, as well as resources and equitable opportunities for diverse occupational opportunities that enable people to meet their potential and experience well-being

• concerned with ethical, moral, and civic issues for individuals and collectives (i.e., groups and populations)

a justice of difference

• enables the prerequisites of life to be obtained according to needs and acknowledges the differing meanings derived from participation

• recognizes people’s equal worth, dignity, and need for occupation, irrespective of differing capabilities, knowledge, skills, competence, and experiences of participation

human right’s issue

when unjustified inequalities in people’s access to occupation are present, with long term consequences

reqs for occupational justice

1. creation of families, groups, and communities as structures in which people define what they can and want to do, who they will be (come), and how they belong or not within social and population contexts

2. organization of economic and human resources in which people are enabled to participate according to their potential, experience well-being, reduce illness, and thrive

occupational rights

• to participate in a range of occupations to support health, development, and social inclusion

• to make choices and share decision making power in daily life

• to experience meaning and enrichment in one’s occupations

• to receive fair privileges for participation in occupations

objective OJ perspective of health

enablement of occupatonal potental for healthy individuals and populatons

empowerment of OJ perspective of health

• process of giving voice and participation to people regarding decisions that affect their lives

• achieved through power sharing, collaboration, and partnership to challenge determinants, discrimination, and regulations that generate injustices

taking an occupational justice approach

implies that practitioners will develop interventions aimed at and leading to equal opportunity and resources that enable all people to survive and develop through what they do

occupational injustices

ongoing deprivation or patterns of disruption that jeopardize development, create substantive health issues, and reduce individual's lifespan can mean that many people are unable to meet basic needs, or have unequal opportunities to reach their occupational potential

• the conditions that give rise to it can be changed, not natural or immutable

occupational outcomes of justice

• occupational rights

• meaning

• participation

• choice

• balance

occupational outcomes of injustice

Occupational

• imbalance

• marginalization

• deprivation

• alienation

• apartheid

occupational stress

• Response(s) to an event(s) that disturb the usual pattern of a person’s life

• Stress can be problematic or therapeutic

occupational imbalance

occupations are unequally distributed, but also unequally distributed rights, privileges, benefits, and rewards that are associated with these occupations

• When individuals are either under or over-occupied

imbalance

• linked with situations in which the balance between things is unequal, unfair

• will manifest differently at different times and places

• can be a form of stress

why balance is important

important because if capacities are overused, people feel fatigue, stress, and burnout

• if capacities are underused, this causes a disturbance of equilibrium

occupational marginalization

• Individuals having limited choice and control in their everyday occupations; being degraded to occupations that have less value in society (typically concerned with discrimination)

• exclusion from participation in occupations based on ‘invisible’ norms and expectations about who should participate in what occupations, how, when, where, and why

occupation deprivation

Being denied something that is essential; being prevented from engaging in occupations due to external restrictions (factors outside of the individual)

defining features of occupation deprivation

• invokes signals of serious absence, causing an actual and consequential reduction in well-being

• may be caused by progress, the advances in technology, or by loss of employment opportunities

occupational deprivation characterized by

• restricted range of occupations

• an insufficiency of occupation

• In some instances, a deliberate measure and sometimes intended for a different effect

example of occupational deprivation

Discussed Barriers to Free Play:

• Limitations imposed by caregivers

• Physical and personal limitations of the child

• Environmental barriers

• Social barriers

occupational alienation

Experiences of disconnectedness, isolation, emptiness, lack of a sense of

identity, a limited or confined expression of spirit, or a sense of meaninglessness

• needs and wants appear impossible to attain or maintain

occupational apartheid

the restriction or denial of access to dignified and meaningful participation in occupations of daily life on the basis of race, disability, national origin, age, gender, sexual preference, religion, political beliefs, status in society

- deliberately denies access to occupation as a result of prejudices about another’s capacities or entitlement to valued occupations