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L1-L2
where does the spinal cord end?
Conus medullaris
ending of the spinal cord that forms a cone shape
Cauda equina
many nerves that branch out of the end of the spinal cord
31
how many segments make up the spinal cord?
dorsal root, dorsal root ganglia, ventral root, spinal nerve
what makes up a segment of the spinal cord
mixed, afferent and efferent
Spinal nerves are ______ nerves consisting of ___________ fibers
spinal meninges
Specialized membranes that provide protection, physical stability, and shock absorption
no
do the meninges help with transmission?
dura mater
Tough, fibrous outermost layer of the meninges
arachnoid mater
middle layer of the meninges
pia mater
Innermost layer meninges layer, adjacent to spinal tissue or brain tissue
epidural space
space between the dura mater and the lining of the vertebral bones, often filled with adipose tissue
coccygeal ligament
formed where dura mater blends with the filum terminale
subarachnoid space
what separates the arachnoid mater from the pia mater?
arachnoid trabeculae
extend from the arachnoid to the outer layer of the pia mater
subdural
In a cadaver, there is a _________ space (between the dura mater and arachnois) but is not found in living people
cerebrospinal fluid
what is found in the subarachnoid space?
pia mater
what meninges layer contains blood vessels?
denticulate ligaments
Extensions of the pia mater called __________ attach the pia mater and arachnoid mater to the dura mater
somas and glial cells
what makes up gray matter?
horns that surround the central canal
what is the shape of gray matter in the spinal cord?
myelinated and unmyelinated axons organized in tracts and columns
what makes up white matter?
Gray commissure
central connection between greater an lesser horns
Somatic sensory and visceral nuclei
what makes up the posterior (dorsal) horns?
visceral motor nuclei
what makes up the lateral horns?
somatic motor nuclei
what makes up the anterior (ventral) horns
8, 12, 5, 5, 1
__ cervical nerves
__ thoracic nerves
__ lumbar nerves
__ sacral nerves
__ coccygeal nerves
epineurium
Outer layer of nerve—becomes continuous with the dura mater
perineurium
Layer surrounding a fascicle—a fascicle (fasciculus) is a bundle of axons
endoneurium
Layer surrounding a single axon
rami communicantes
White and gray rami are collectively called _______________
dermatomes
Spinal nerves supply specific regions of the skin known as ______________
4
there are _______ nerve plexuses
nerve plexus
Each __________ is associated with an interwoven network of nerves
Cutaneous and muscular
what are the branches of the crevical plexus?
cervical plexus
what nerve plexus is formed by these major nerves?
lesser occipital, supraclavicular, great auricular, transverse cervical, ansa cervicalis, phrenic
lumbar plexus
what nerve plexus is made up of these major nerves?
Iliohypogastric, Ilio-inguinal, Lateral femoral cutaneous, Genitofemoral, Femoral, Obturator
sacral plexus
what nerve plexus is made up of these major nerves?
Superior gluteal, inferior gluteal, sciatic, posterior femoral cutaneous, pudendal
reflex
An immediate involuntary motor response
reflex arc
The neural “wiring” of a single reflex
– Begins at a sensory receptor and ends at a peripheral effector
development, the site where information is processed, resulting motor response, complexity
How are reflexes classified
monosynaptic
involves a single segment of the spinal cord
polysynaptic
Integrates motor output from several spinal segments
• conus medullaris
The tapered, inferior portion of the spinal cord is called the _____.
• cauda equina
• conus medullaris
• filum terminale
• sacral prominens
• dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Which of the following is the correct sequence regarding the meninges going from superficial to deep?
• dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
• pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid mater
• arachnoid mater, dura mater, pia mater
• pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
• conducting impulses
Which of the following is NOT a function of the spinal meninges?
• protection
• providing stability
• shock absorption
• conducting impulses
• epineurium
Which connective tissue covering of a peripheral nerve is composed of a tough fibrous sheath forming the outmost layer of a peripheral nerve?
• epineurium
• endoneurium
• perineurium
• dura mater
a.2-5-1-3-4
Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps in a stretch reflex, an example of spinal reflexes?
1.Information processing at motor neuron
2.Stretching of muscle stimulates muscle spindle
3.Activation of motor neuron
4.Contraction of muscle
5.Activation of a sensory neuron
a.2-5-1-3-4 c. 5-2-1-3-4
b.2-5-4-1-3 d. 2-1-5-4-3
brachial plexus
what nerve plexus is made up of these major nerves?
Radial nerve, Ulnar nerve, Median nerve, Musculocutaneous nerve