CHAPTER 14: The Expansive Realm of Islam

AP WORLD

Which group of Nomadic People kept herds of sheep, goats, and camels?

Bedouin

Who was the wealthy widow that Muhammad married?

Khadijah

Who is the god for islamic people?

Allah

What was the thought about Allah?

Allah would bring judgement on the world, rewarding righteousness and punishing the wicked

How did Muhammad begin his “Spiritual Transformation”?

He started experiencing revelations and seeing visions from the angel Gabriel during meditative retreats in the cave of Hira.

What is the Quran?

The holy book of Islam, believed to be the word of God as revealed to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel.

What did Muhammad do before the Quran?

Presented oral recitations that compiled into the Quran later.

Which isn’t part of the five pillars of Islam?

Reciting the Quran daily

What is the pilgramage that muslims must take called?

Hajj

Because Muhammad was so insistant on there only being 1 God, how did that lead to a conflict?

The polytheistic Arabs considered it offensive

Why did Mecca’s ruling elites see Muhammad as a threat to their position?

He denounced greed as moral wicknedess that Allah would punish

What is the Ka’ba

sacred building in Mecca, housing the black stone and is the focal point of Islamic worship, toward which Muslims pray and which they visit during the Hajj pilgrimage.

What is the Hijra?

The migration of Muhammad and his followers

What event marked the start of the islamic calendar?

The hijra

Once Muhammad and his followers were prosecuted from Mecca, where did they go?

Medina

Muhammad organized him and his followers into a community called?

The Umma

What were some activites Muhammad and the Umma partook in?

Raiding caravans from Mecca

What did Muhammad refer to himself as?

The seal of the prophets/ The final prophet

Which authorities did Muhammad accept?

Abraham, Moses, and Jesus

Muhammad had been entrusted with a more complete relevation that would communicate Allah’s plan for the world

True

How did Muhammad return to Mecca?

He attacked it and forced the conversion of Islam to Mecca, then destroyed all the pagan sites and replaced it with mosques with the exception of the Ka’ba

What is the Jihad?

To struggle

Why do muslims have to “Struggle”

To impose moral obligations since it requires them to combat vice and evil

What is the “sharia”?

codification of islamic holy law

The sharia was only ritual law and didn’t extend to human activity

False

What is the caliph?

Head of Islam

Why was a caliph made?

Because Muhammad left no clear successor

Who was chosen as Caliph?

Abu Bakr

Did the islams conquer a Hindu Kingdom of Sind in northwestern India?

Yes

Because or rapid expansion in Islam what happened?

Difficulty governing all the land and trouble selecting caliphs

What was the Shia Sect?

Remaining believers in Ali after he was assassinated

Who were the Sunni?

Traditionalists

Who was Ali?

cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad

How was Ali killed?

Enemies assassinated him while he was praying in a mosque along with most of his followers and relatives

Who were the Umayyad?

A group of wealthy merchants

What problem did the Umayyad Dynasty solve?

Succession

What did the Umayyad Dynasty bring?

Stability

What is the Jizya?

A head tax on non converts

Who was Abu al-Abbas

Founder of the Abbasid Dynasty who brought the Shia and the Sunni as well as other non arabs together to overthrow the Umayyad Dynasty

How did Abu al-abbas kill the Umayyads?

He invited them to a party and slaughtered them

The abbasid dynasty was cosmopolitan

Yes

Which battle ended China’s expansion into central Asia?

Talas River

The abbasids had a strong military and used it rapidly expand their territory

False

What is the dar al islam?

Regions where islamic laws prevail

What is Ulama?

People with religious Knowledge

Who were the qadis?

Judge

How did Persia influence?

Administration, governance, literature

What did India Influence?

Numerals, mathematics, science and medicine

What did Greece influence?

Philosophy

What was the goal of the ulama and the qadis?

To interpret Islamic law and ensure its application in society.

During the high point of the Abbasid dynasty, who reigned?

Harun Al-Rashid

Civil war between Harun’s sons damaged abbasid authority

True

After governenors built their own power bases, what happened?

Abbasid Caliphates became only a figurehead

A family from where seized control of baghdad?

Persia

Seljuq turks took control of Baghdad

yes

The real power lay within the abbasid caliphs during the fall of their empire

No, the power lay within the Seljuk Sultans

Where did the zone of trade spread from?

India to Iberia

Where did the most important transplants travel?

India to persia, southwest asia, arabia, egypt, north africa, spain and the mediterranean islands of Cyprus, crete, sicily and sardinia

what were the most important stsaple crops?

Sugarcane, rice, sorghum, wheat, spinach, artichokes, eggplants, oranges, lemons, limes, bananas, cocounts, watermelons and mangoes

Which industrial crops were spread?

Tobacco, cotten, coffee

Which places did trade routes spread?

India to Spain

What effects were from the new crops?

Varied diet and thriving textile industry

What did cultivators pay the most attention to while expirmenting with agriculture?

Fretlization, crop rotation etc, they combined the effect of the new crops with improved agricultural techniques

What new industry emerged from fast urbanization?

Paper

What did muslim conquerors do after overunning the sasanid empire?

Brought prosperous trading cities of central asia under control to expand dar al islam

Which commercial centers made it possible for muslim merchants to trade over revived silk roads?

Merv, Nishapur, Bukhara, Samarkard

Where did muslim rulers of egypt import ice from?

Syria

What did overland trade mostly travel by?

Camel

Due to nautical technology where did the volume of trading increase?

Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, and Indian Ocean

They used a triangular sail that increased the ship’s manueverability

True

Who was Ramisht of Siraf?

A wealthy persian merchant that returned to siraf with a cargo worth half a million dinars

What did Ramisht use his wealth for?

Outfitted the Ka’ba with a chinese silk cover and founded a hospital and religious sanctuary in Mecca

What is a sakk?

letters of credit that merchants could draw in one city and cash at another without having to deal with cash

Why would Islamic businessmen prefer not to embark on solo ventures?

They had potential to face finiancial ruin if their cargo fell prey to pirates or if their ship sank in a storm

Trade was promoted by the uniformity of islamic law throught dar al islam, joint ventures were also common. Entrepreneurs often pooled their resources in group investments. Traders even went to West Africa, Russia, Scandinavia

Just a note rmbr this

What is Al-Andalus

The prosperity of Islamic Spain

Where was Al Andalus’ capital?

Cordoba

Claimed independence from the Abbasid dynasty. Products of al-Andalus enjoyed a reputation for excellence

again just rmbr this..

The quran made sure women were more dominant and less secure

False, The quran made women more secure however it also reinforced male domination

Where was the veiling of women adopted from?

Mesopotamia and Persia

Did formal educations promote islamic values?

Yes

What are madrasas?

Schools that provide religious education in Islam and often include general subjects.

What are sufis?

Mystics that did not deny islamic doctrine however they sought a deeper, personal experience of God through spiritual practices and asceticism.

Why were sufis so popular?

Sufis were popular for their emphasis on personal spirituality and connection with God, providing a more accessible and emotional experience of Islam compared to formal religious practices.

Who is Al-Ghazali?

A prominent Islamic philosopher and theologian known for integrating Sufi mysticism with orthodox Islamic thought.

Why wwere sufis especially effective as missionaries?

Because they emphasized devotion to Allah above the mastery of doctrine

Why did sufis attract so many devotes?

Because of their kindness, holiness, tolerance and charismatic appeal