fINAL eXAM - aPEURO

Problems in the Ancien Regime

severe social inequalities,

crippling financial crises, and

monarchys percieved incompetence and extravagance

Foreign Wars

Started by Louis XVI; Prussia, Holland, Spain, Great Britain, and Austria

Treaty of Paris 1763

Ended French and Indian War, France lost Canada, land east of the Mississippi, to British, New Orleans and west of Mississippi to Spain

Apres moi le deluge

"after me, the flood"; Louis XV

Estates System

French social system that divided the people into three categories: the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else

Bourgeoisie

middle class

Estates-General

An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.

National Assembly

a French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate on June 17, 1789, to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people

Tennis Court Oath

A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution

Bastille Day

celebration in France to celebrate when people stormed the bastile and is recognized as the start of the french revolution

Great Fear

A wave of senseless panic that spread through the French countryside after the storming of the Bastille in 1789

Emigres

French nobility who fled country to escape the Revolution

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Adopted August 26, 1789, created by the National Assembly to give rights to all (except women).

Phrygian Caps

Showed freedom for former slaves

Women's March on Versailles

This was the march by the women of Paris to the home of Marie Antoinette in order to demand action for the ridiculous raise in the price of bread

Marie Antoinette

Queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)

"Let them eat cake"

saying attributed to Marie Antoinette that showed insensitivity to the unfortunate

Reforms of the National Assembly

1. All male citizens equal before the law

2. limited power of the monarchy

3. taxpaying males the right to vote

4. abolished special privileges

5. declared religious freedom

6. seized and sold church lands

Assignats

Paper currency, the French churches were used as collateral -the first French paper currency issued by the General Assembly.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

A document, issued by the National Assembly in July 1790, that broke ties with the Catholic Church and established a national church system in France with a process for the election of regional bishops. The document angered the pope and church officials and turned many French Catholics against the revolutionaries.

Constitution of 1791

Constitution created by the French Revolution that had a limited monarchy

Constitutional Monarchy

A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution.

Legislative Assembly

A French congress with the power to create laws and approve declarations of war, established by the constitution of 1791.

Flight to Varennes

King Louis XVI and his families attempt to escape paris; made it only to Varennes where they were arrested and put on house arrest. End of French Monarchy

Jacobin Club

A political club in revolutionary France whose members were well-educated radical republicans.

National Convention

The meeting of party delegates every four years to choose a presidential ticket and write the party's platform.

The Vendee Rebellion

Counter-revolutionary rebellion in French town of Vendee which was inspired by anger towards restrictions on the church and the military draft.

Sans-culottes

In the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners, and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end of food shortages

Reign of Terror

This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed.

Committe of Public Safety

Led by Rebespierre's;enemies of the republic were executed

Revolutionary Tribunal

A court instituted in Paris by the Convention between October 1793 and the Thermidorian Reaction, the Tribunal was one of the main instruments of the Reign of Terror and had many people guillotined.

Republic of Virtue

Robespierre's attempt to erase all traces of the monarchy, nobility and the Catholic Church

Citizen

A person with certain rights and responsibilities in his or her country or community

Louvre

originally a royal palace of grandeur and elegance, now a museum

Metric System

The decimal measuring system based on the meter, liter, and gram as units of length, capacity, and weight or mass.

Revolutionary Calendar

Created by the National Convention, it established after the French Revolution -day one was the first day of the French Republic

Cult of the Supreme Being

a religion based on deism devised by Maximilien Robespierre, intended to become the state religion after the French Revolution

Temples of Reason

what churches are renamed during Reign of Terror; human mind is worshipped, study philosophy

Thermidorian Reaction

A reaction to the violence of the Reign of Terror in 1794, resulting in the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic controls.

Constitution of 1795

Established a new law code which was influenced by many of the Enlightenment ideals

Directory

Established after the Reign of Terror / National Convention; a five man group as the executive branch of the country; incompetent and corrupt, only lasted for 4 years.

Whiff of Grapeshot

A phrase said by Napoleon after he defeated revolts of the French people in Paris in October 1795. The revolts were intended to bring down the Directory that came to power after the execution of Robespierre. As a result of his defense of Paris he is named General and given command of the armies in Egypt.

Coup d'etat

A sudden overthrow of the government by a small group

Consulate

Form of government which followed the directory -established by Napoleon-ended when Napoleon was crowned emperor.

First Consul

Napoleon named this after ousting the Directory; remained this until proclaiming himself emperor; first of three

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.

Napoleonic Code

A comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon

Concordat of 1801

This is the agreement between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon that healed the religious division in France by giving the French Catholics free practice of their religion and Napoleon political power

Empire

an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress.

Battle of Trafalgar

an 1805 naval battle in which Napoleon's forces were defeated by a British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson.

Treaty of Tilsit

Agreement between Napoleon and Czar Alexander I in which Russia became an ally of France and Napoleon took over the lands of Prussia west of the Elbe as well as the Polish provinces.

Confederation of the Rhine

League of German States organized by Napoleon in 1813 after defeating the Austrians at Austerlitz. The league collapsed after Napoleon's defeat in Russia.

Continental System

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Russian Campaign

Napoleon tried to add Russia to his empire; had a huge army and moved into Russia in September. Russians used the scorched earth policy; Russia retreated and lured them deeper in and burnt everything in their path

Scorched Earth

Burning live stock and crops to prevent the enemy from living off the land

Elba

The tiny island that Napoleon was granted after his abdication. Off the coast of Italy.

palindrome

A word or an expression that is spelled the same backward and forward

Hundred Days

The brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French King and again becoming Emperor of France

Battle of Waterloo

This was the battle that Napoleon lost after his return from Elba that ended his reign as French ruler

St. Helena

place of napoleons second/last exile and death

Napolean's Legacy

France becomes a centralized state woth a constititution, increased access to education, widespread acceptance lof napoleans code ideas, double the size of the u.s. In 1803, increased nationalism, expanded elections through with limited suffrage, spread ideas of the rev.throughout europe

Congress of Vienna

(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.

Reactionary Conservatism

main policy of Metternich and concert system; attempts to bring things back to the way they were before Napoleon and crush liberalism/nationalism

Concert of Europe

a system in which Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain met periodically to discuss any problems affecting the peace in Europe; resulted from the post-Napoleon era Quadruple Alliance

Quadruple Alliance

This was the alliance between Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia after the Napoleonic era

Holy Alliance

a league of European nations formed by the leaders of Russia, Austria, and Prussia after the congress of Vienna

Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle

most peaceful congress in which the four great powers agreed to withdraw from the occupation from France and add France to the Concert of Europe, making a quintuple alliance.

Quintuple Alliance

Austria, Prussia, Russia, Great Britain, France

Burschenschaften

Politically active students around 1815 in the German states proposing unification and democratic principles.

Congress of Carlsbad

1819; third meeting of QA, called to discuss problems with Burschenschaften; results in carslbad decrees

Carlsbad Decrees

1819, it discouraged liberal teachings in southern Germany. Censorship imposed by Metternich.

Zollverein

The name of the free trade zone that German states created in the early 19th century, decades prior to their unification.

Congress of Verona

Austria, Prussia, Russia, and France vowed to put down a revolutionary uprising in Spain and threatened to help Spain reconquer its New World colonies.

Greek Revolution

Rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; key step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans.

Treaty of Adrianople

1829 Danubian provinces & Serbia gain autonomy from Turks; Russia gains territory on the Danube River & the Caucasus; Turks agree to let Britain, Russia, France determine fate of Greece

Reasons for failure of Concert

1. UK withdraws from Concert

2. Over-extension (this increases the number of problems they have to deal with)

3. Continued problems in Greece (France, Britain, and Russia intervene in Greece)

Metternich loses power and reactionary conservatism is over

19th Century Liberalism

Politically they emphasized popular sovereignty, individual rights, but shifted from laissez-faire (classical liberalism) to some interventionist economic and social policies on behalf of the less privileged; based on a rational approach to reform that addressed the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the individual

Universal Male Suffrage

the right of all males to vote in elections

July Revolution

overthrow of King Charles X (sought to impose absolutism by rolling back the constitutional monarchy)-radical revolt in Paris forced Charles to abdicate

Citizen King

The name given to Louis Philippe because he was plain spoken and owed his throne to the people

Tory/Conservative

in power in Britain since American Revolution until 1830; made up royalists from aristocracy, support traditional concepts, especially land ownership

Whig/Liberal

comes to power in 1830 after Earl Grey elected prime minister; pass many reforms following 1830; supported by emerging middle class; support industrial, commercial forms of wealth

Reform Bill of 1832

Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain.

Chartist Movement

Movement sought to expand suffrage (the right to vote) to more people in Britain.

Revolutions of 1848

Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe during a time after the Congress of Vienna when conservative monarchs were trying to maintain their power. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed.

National Workshops

Product of the new government in France. Imagined as nearly socialist cooperatives. In reality they were really temporary relief programs. Disliked by the moderates. Disbanded in June (bad move). Incited 3 day revolution (June Days) where workers fought against troops (and lost).

June Days

A revolt during the month of June as a result of the abolishment of national workshops. This event ended the liberal capitalist and the radical socialists tension ending in victory for liberalism and Capitalism.-Also with the June Days it led to having a new constitution demanding a strong executive, which led to the rise of Louis Napoleon.

1848 in Hapsburg lands

A set of revolutions took place in the Austrian Empire from March 1848 to November 1849.

Magyar Independence

magyars in Hungary trying to overthrow Austrian rulers; led by Kossuth who develops framework that inspires actions in other states

Pan-Slavism

A movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877.

Frankfurt Assembly

German Parliament met in Frankfurt to fulfill a liberal and nationalist dream: the preparation of a constitution for a united Germany

Crown from the gutter

This was the expression used after the Revolutions of 1848 where Friedrich Wilhelm refused to just take the throne of Prussia

Kleindeutsch/ Grossedeutsch

kleindeutsch - small Germany, made of only German states

grossedeutsch - large Germany - Germany plus Austria and Austrian states

Reasons for failure of 1848

alliance of convenience, nationalism and liberalism don't mesh, conservatism still exists, lack of organization

Industrialization

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

Proletarianization

The transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners.

Laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

Marxism

Emerged as the most famous socialist belief system during the 19th century. Saw all of history as the story of class struggle.