Unit 4.7 - Motivation and Emotion - AP Psychology

motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

nature

push

nurture

pull

physiological needs

need to satisfy hunger and thirst; internal

Drive (psychological)

internal motivational state created by a physiological need; (hunger and thirst)

drive-reduction theory

when a physiological need increases, so does our psychological drive to reduce; strives for homeostasis

incentives

things that attract or lure people into action

instinct

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

arousal theory

that we are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal - if bored, we go do something and if overstimulated, we relax.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

hierarchy of needs

Maslow's theory of the most important motivations people have

affiliation

the need to form attachments to other people for support, guidance, and protection

self-determination theory

a theory of motivation that is concerned with the beneficial effects of intrinsic motivation and the harmful effects of extrinsic motivation

Ostracism

exclusion from a society or group

achievement motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment

grit

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

stomach contraction theory

theory that hunger is measured by muscle contractions in the stomach

set point

the point at which one's body tries maintain weight

Basal Metabolic Rate

the body's resting rate of energy expenditure

psychology of hunger

Made up of: External incentives, Eating by the "clock"; Social Eating; Stress & Depression; Other eating cues (i.e., watching a movie, holiday's)

emotion

the feeling that is produced in response to life experiences

James-Lange Theory

emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment

Cannon-Bard Theory

an emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotion and to bodily reactions

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory

general arousal leads to assessment, which in turn leads to subjective feelings

Zajonc-LeDoux Theory

emotional responses occur instantly; sometimes we feel before we think

Lazarus Theory

Cognitive appraisal sometimes without our awareness defines emotion

universal emotions

happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, disgust, anger, interest

learned emotions

love, guilt, shame, pride, contempt

sympathetic nervous system

fight or flight

parasympathetic nervous system

rest and digest

facial feedback effect

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

behavior feedback effect

the tendency of our behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions

optimal level of arousal

the level of arousal at which performance peaks

incentive theory

explains motivation as the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments

lewin's motivational conflicts theory

approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, approach-avoidance

approach-approach

a choice must be made between two attractive goals

approach-avoidance

single goal that has both attractive and unattractive aspects

avoidance-avoidance

choose between two distasteful alternatives

sensation seeking theory

which theory states that individuals seek activities and experience that gratify their need for sensation

thrill seeking

looking for excitement

Disinhibition

the tendency to transmit messages without considering their consequences

boredom susceptibility

intolerance for repetitive experience

ghrelin

hunger hormone

leptin

hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used

Hypothalamus

directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature)

pituitary gland

The endocrine system's most influential gland

affect

to influence

cognitive label

Attribute source of arousal to a cause

display rules

learned ways of controlling displays of emotion in social settings

elicitors

A molecule that induces a broad type of host defense response