Quiz 7 MHA 703 LSUS MHA 705 Module 1: PP Informatics, Disciplinary Science, & the Foundation of Knowledge questions and answers

Knowledge techniques

Research

Experimentation

Studying

Testing

Research

Process that is used to obtain new knowledge

Experimentation

Process used to obtain new knowledge is accurate or correct

Studying

Process used to incorporate knowledge

Testing

Performed to measure knowledge we already have

National research act

Results from Tuskegee syphilis experiment

Established three ethical prinicples

Three Ethical Principles

Justice

Autonomy

Beneficence

Justice

How research should be performed

Autonomy

How research subjects should be treated

Beneficence

How research should help others

Medical research

Institutional review boards (IRB)

Clinical trials

Marketing and release

Clinical trials

Phase 1: pilot study

Phase 2: clinical trial protocol

Phase 3: expanded enrollment

double-blind study

-both groups receive pills to take.

-when participants are assigned a number, the researcher will be told which bottle to give the patient.

-Neither the participant nor the researcher knows which is the medicine and which is the placebo.

-That information cannot be obtained until the study is finished.

Stem Cell Research

-Embryonic stem cells

-Pluripotent

Pluripotent

-Endoderm

-Mesoderm

-Ectoderm

Anencephaly

-Central Nervous System Disorder

-Cephalic portion of the brain

-Comatose state

-UDDA criteria

-Organ transplants?

Fetal Reduction

-Multiple pregnancy

-Abortion procedures

-Selection process

Conjoined Twins

-50,000—100,000 births

-cephalopagus

-craniopagus

-ischiopagus

-parapagus

-synecephalus

-thoraco-omphalopagus

-thoracopagus

-Xiphopagus

Cloning

-Creating duplicates

-Playing God

-Creating human tissue/organs

Dolly the sheep

On July 5, 1996.

first mammal to be successfully cloned and born. The news set off a flurry of ethical debates within the scientific community and politics across the world. lived for six years before she was euthanized because of a medical condition.

Xenotransplantion

Animal to human donation

Compatibility problems

Animal Right Activists

Xenozoonosis

Cryonics

Deep freeze

UDDA criteria

Not yet reversible

Legal Future of Healthcare

U.S. has the best healthcare

Almost last in industrialized nations

World Health Organization

-Life expectancy

-Global Burden of Disease

Healthcare Reform

Uninsured Americans

Public health insurance

Medicaid

Medicare

PRACA

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

Sweeping healthcare changes

Impact insurance companies, employers, and individuals

Insurance companies

Too rich to be poor, too poor to be rich

Increases Medicaid eligibility to 133%

PRACA Insurance companies

Removes lifetime dollar limits

No arbitrary premium formula

Cannot deny services based on pre-existing conditions

PRACA Health Insurance Exchange

State run insurance shop

Sliding scale—for individuals

Subsidies—for employers

PRACA Shared Responsibility Clause

Individual mandate

Must have insurance or purchase insurance

No insurance, assessed a fine

PRACA Medicare

Improved Part D, Rx program

Bundled payment structure

All medical treatment bundled together

Hospital

Out-patient

Doctor office

PRACA Additional provisions

Voluntary insurance for assisted living, nursing home

Additional research and National Health Institute funding

CHIP and Medicaid enrollment simplified

Children on parent's policy until 26th birthday

Universal Healthcare

Socialized medicine

Government run insurance

Comparison of universal vs. American system

Staffing Ratios

Nursing shortage

Require staffing committees

Focus on patient acuity

Mandate specific ratios

Controversial

Patient care

Physician Hours

Other profession's hours regulated

MDs commonly awake for days at a time

No state laws exist

Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)

Conscientious Objector Bills

Ethics of healthcare professional

Decline to provide care

Exceptions apply

Most professional organizations against bills

Prescription Drug Advertising

Direct-to-consumer marketing

Television, magazines, newspaper, radio

Advertising budget in billions

Some unable to afford medications

Scientific Future of Healthcare

Nanotechnology

Robotics

Medical care in space

Nanotechnology

One billionth of a meter

Possible uses

Pharmacology

Medication delivery systems

Concerns about lack of regulatory guidelines

concept used to monitor and treat blood cells.

Robot

Currently in use, but limited

Concerns

Mechanical failure

Remote access

A man uses a computerize robot arm as part of his rehabilitation after a stroke. can automatically measure and adjust settings, based on the user's response.

Medical Care in Space

Space Nursing Society (SNS)

Surgery in space—bodily fluids and zero gravity

Sterile fields

Wound healing in zero gravity

Long-term nutrition

Psychological effects

Isolation

Living in confined spaces

anencephaly

a serious birth defect in which a baby is born without parts of the brain and skull. It is a type of neural tube defect (NTD). As the neural tube forms and closes, it helps form the baby's brain and skull (upper part of the neural tube), spinal cord, and back bones (lower part of the neural tube).

Clinical Trials

experiments or observations done in clinical research. Such prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants are designed to answer specific questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions, including new treatments (such as novel vaccines, drugs, dietary choices, dietary supplements, and medical devices) and known interventions that warrant further study and comparison. Clinical trials generate data on dosage, safety and efficacy.

Cloning

process of generating a genetically identical copy of a cell or an organism. Cloning happens all the time in nature. In biomedical research, cloning is broadly defined to mean the duplication of any kind of biological material for scientific study, such as a piece of DNA or an individual cell.

cryonics

is the low-temperature freezing and storage of human remains, with the speculative hope that resurrection may be possible in the future. Cryonics is regarded with skepticism within the mainstream scientific community.

double-blind

A type of clinical trial in which neither the participants nor the researcher knows which treatment or intervention participants are receiving until the clinical trial is over. This makes results of the study less likely to be biased.

Fecal Reduction

the practice of reducing the number of fetuses in a multiple pregnancy, say quadruplets, to a twin or singleton pregnancy.

pluripotent

The pluripotency of biological compounds describes the ability of certain substances to produce several distinct biological responses. Pluripotent is also described as something that has no fixed developmental potential, as in being able to differentiate into different cell types in the case of pluripotent stem cells.

Research

"creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge". It involves the collection, organization and analysis of information to increase understanding of a topic or issue. A research project may be an expansion on past work in the field.

xenotransplantation

any procedure that involves the transplantation, implantation or infusion into a human recipient of either (a) live cells, tissues, or organs from a nonhuman animal source, or (b) human body fluids, cells, tissues or organs that have had ex vivo contact with live nonhuman animal cells, tissues or organs.

conscientious objector

one who opposes bearing arms or who objects to any type of military training and service. Some conscientious objectors refuse to submit to any of the procedures of compulsory conscription.

global burden of disease

The Global Burden of Disease Study is a comprehensive regional and global research program of disease burden that assesses mortality and disability from major diseases, injuries, and risk factors. GBD is a collaboration of over 3600 researchers from 145 countries.

individual mandate

a provision within the Affordable Care Act that required individuals to purchase minimum essential coverage - or face a tax penalty - unless they were eligible for an exemption.

life expectancy

the number of years a person can expect to live. By definition, life expectancy is based on an estimate of the average age that members of a particular population group will be when they die.

lifetime dollar limits

a dollar limit on what they would spend for your covered benefits during the entire time you were enrolled in that plan. You were required to pay the cost of all care exceeding those limits.

nanomedicine

a branch of medicine that applies the knowledge and tools of nanotechnology to the prevention and treatment of disease. Nanomedicine involves the use of nanoscale materials, such as biocompatible nanoparticles and nanorobots, for diagnosis, delivery, sensing or actuation purposes in a living organism.

Robotics

interdisciplinary branch of computer science and engineering. Robotics involves design, construction, operation, and use of robots. The goal of robotics is to design machines that can help and assist humans.

socialized medicine

a healthcare system in which the government owns and operates healthcare facilities and employs the healthcare professionals, thus also paying for all healthcare services.