NCM 105 Nutritional Guidelines and Breastfeeding

Practice flashcards covering nutritional guidelines, digestive enzymes, breastfeeding, vitamin and mineral functions, nutrition laws, and malnutrition assessment based on lecture notes.

Nutrient-Dense Foods

Foods that provide a high amount of nutrients.

Essential Fatty Acids

Fatty acids that the body cannot make, so they must come from food, such as Omega-3 and Omega-6.

Recommended Water Intake Formula

$$1\,mL \times \text{body weight (kg)} \times \text{every hour} + 500\,mL$$

Amylase

A major digestive enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates and starch into simple sugars.

Salivary Amylase (Ptyalin)

The first enzyme that acts on food, located in the saliva, which starts carbohydrate digestion while chewing.

Pancreatic Amylase

An enzyme produced by the pancreas that works in the small intestine to continue breaking starch into maltose and dextrins.

Protease

Digestive enzymes, such as pepsin and trypsin, that break proteins into peptides and amino acids.

Pepsinogen

The inactive form of pepsin first released in the stomach to prevent the organ from digesting itself.

Lipase

An enzyme produced by the pancreas that breaks fats into fatty acids and glycerol, helping absorb fat-soluble vitamins ($A$, $D$, $E$, and $K$).

Lactase

The enzyme responsible for breaking down lactose into glucose and galactose.

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A hormone released when food enters the small intestine that stimulates the pancreas to release enzymes and the gallbladder to release bile.

Exclusive Breastfeeding

The practice from birth to $6\,\text{months}$ where a baby receives only breast milk and no other liquids or foods.

Early Initiation of Breastfeeding (EINC)

The practice of beginning breastfeeding within the first $30\,\text{minutes}$ after birth.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

An antibody found in breast milk that protects the baby's mouth, intestines, and respiratory tract from infections.

Colostrum

The first yellowish milk produced during the first few days after childbirth, rich in antibodies and acting as the baby's first vaccine.

Foremilk

The thin, bluish, and watery milk at the beginning of a feeding that quenches the baby’s thirst and provides quick energy.

Hindmilk

The creamy, high-fat milk produced toward the end of feeding that satisfies hunger and helps with weight gain.

Kangaroo Care

Skin-to-skin contact between a parent and baby that helps regulate body temperature, breathing, and heart rate.

Prolactin

The hormone responsible for producing breast milk.

Oxytocin

The hormone that helps release or let down breast milk and contracts the uterus after childbirth.

Failure to Thrive

A condition where a baby does not gain enough weight or grow as expected due to inadequate nutrition.

Football (Underarm) Hold

A breastfeeding position where the baby is tucked under the mother's arm, useful for mothers with twins or those who had a cesarean section.

Metabolism

All physical and chemical processes in the body that convert food into energy.

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

The energy the body uses while at rest for essential functions like breathing and digestion.

Kwashiorkor

A severe form of protein malnutrition.

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamins $A$, $D$, $E$, and $K$, which are stored in body fat and the liver and do not need to be eaten every day.

Water-Soluble Vitamins

$B$-complex and $C$ vitamins, which are not stored in the body and must be consumed daily.

Xerophthalmia

A condition of dry eyes caused by Vitamin A deficiency.

Beriberi

A deficiency of Vitamin B1 (thiamine) which can be 'wet' (edema and shortness of breath) or 'dry' (numbness and paralysis).

Pellagra

A Vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency characterized by the four Ds: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death.

Pernicious Anemia

A deficiency of Vitamin B12 caused by the lack of intrinsic factor from the stomach for absorption.

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

What Vitamin has a deficiency of the following: Scurvy, bleeding gums, petechiae, and poor wound healing.

RA 8976

The Philippine Food Fortification Act of 2000, which requires adding specific vitamins and minerals to staple foods like rice, flour, sugar, and oil.

RA 8172 (ASIN Law)

The law requiring all salt sold in the Philippines to be fortified with iodine to prevent goiter.

Neophobia

The fear of trying new foods.

Food Jags

Ritualistic and predictable eating behaviors where a person repeatedly eats the same food out of habit.

Enteral Nutrition

Nutrients provided through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, either by mouth or through a tube.

Parenteral Nutrition

Nutrients provided directly into the bloodstream through an IV, used when the digestive system cannot be used properly.

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

The average daily nutrient intake estimated to meet the needs of $50\%$ of healthy people in a specific life stage and gender group.

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

The average daily nutrient intake sufficient to meet the needs of nearly all ($97-98\%$) healthy individuals.

Adequate Intake (AI)

Recommended nutrient intake used when there is insufficient scientific evidence to determine an EAR or RDA.

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)

The maximum daily nutrient intake that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects or toxicity.

Why Breast Milk is Better Than Animal Milk

Has more protein, which is difficult for babies to digest.

Proper Breastfeeding Time

20 minutes on each breast (About 40 minutes total)

Thawing Frozen Breast Milk

Thaw at room temperature. Note: Do not thaw in ceramic containers

Formula milk

can only stay at room temperature for about 4 hours.

Room temperature

Up to 8 hours

Refrigerator door

Up to 24 hours

Refrigerator (body/main compartment)

Up to 3 days

A mother may notice her breasts:

• Feel full

• Feel heavier

• Leak a little milk

Signs That the Baby Needs Feeding

Good Attachment (Good Latch)

A good latch helps the baby get enough milk and prevents nipple pain.

Double Football Hold

Used when breastfeeding twins. Alternate each baby between breasts to help maintain equal milk production.

C-Hold (Recommended)

The mother cups the breast in a "C" shape.

Scissor Hold (Not Recommended)

The fingers squeeze the breast like scissors.

Why avoid it?

• Can block milk ducts.

• Makes milk flow more difficult.

Plasma Proteins

Help maintain fluid and electrolyte balance.

Ideal Plate for Vegetables and fruits

½ Plate

Ideal Plate for Whole grains

¼ Plate

Ideal Plate for Healthy Proteins

¼ Plate

Lacto-vegetarian

Eats plant foods plus dairy products.
Does not eat meat or eggs.

Ovo-vegetarian

Eats plant foods plus eggs.

Does not eat dairy or meat.

Pesco-vegetarian (Pescatarian)

Eats plant foods plus fish.

Does not eat other meats.

Pollo-vegetarian

Eats plant foods plus chicken.

Does not eat red meat or fish.

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

common in alcoholism

Deficiency in Vitamin D

Osteomalacia

Deficiency in Vitamin K

Pernicious Anemia

An antibody that protects mucous membranes and body fluids from pathogens

Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

RA 10611

Food Safety Act of 2013 which ensures safe food handling and hygiene

RA 3720

Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act which ensures food, drugs and cosmetics are safe and of good quality

PD 491

Created the National Nutrition Council (NNC)