Anatomy Exam 1 Info

Anatomy

study of the structure of the body

Two types of anatomy are

gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy

Gross anatomy

the structures that can be visualized without a microscope

Microscopic anatomy

the structures that require a microscope to be seen

Physiology

the study of the functions of the body

Two types of physiology

Cell physiology and systemic physiology

Cell physiology

what happens in the cell

Systemic physiology

how the organ systems function

Pathology

study of disease

Dorsal directional term

upper surface or back

Ventral directional term

undersurface

Cranial directional term

towards the head

Caudal directional term

towards the tail

Proximal directional term

when referring to a limb, artery, or nerve, closer to the body of point or origin

Distal directional term

when referring to a limb, artery, or nerve, furtehr from the body or point of origin

Superficial directional term

structure is situated near the surface of the body

Deep directional term

structure is situated deeper in the body

Three planes

Transverse plane, frontal plane, median plane

Transverse plane

divides body into cranial and caudal

Frontal plane

divides body into dorsal and ventral

Median plane

divides body into right and left halves

Median plane relation terms

Medial and lateral

Medial directional term

nearer to median plane

Lateral directional term

further from the median plane

Terminology definition

Terms of direction, position, and movement are used to describe the position of organs in relation to one another

Limb terms

Palmar, dorsal, plantar, dorsal

Palmar

the caudal surface of the front limb, distal to the carpus

Dorsal (front limb)

the cranial surface of the front limb, distal to the carpus

Plantar

the caudal surface of the hind limb, distal to the tarsus

Dorsal (hind limb)

the cranial surface of the hind limb, distal to the tarsus

Head terms

Rostral and caudal

Rostral

when referring to the head, towards the nose

Caudal (head)

when referring to the head, towards the tail

Body cavities

Thoracic and abdominal

Thoracic cavity contains

heart and lungs

Thoracic cavity is lined with

pleura

Pleura types

Visceral pleura and parietal pleura

Visceral pleura lines

the organs

Parietal pleura lines

the thoracic cavity itself

Abdominal cavity contains

digestive tract and reproductive tract

Abdominal cavity is lined with

peritoneum

Peritoneum types

visceral peritoneum and parietal peritoneum

Visceral peritoneum lines

the organs

Parietal peritoneum lines

the abdominal cavity itself

Organization of the body order

1. Chemical level

2. Cellular level

3. Tissue level

4. Organ level

5. System level

6. Organism level

Chemical level description

atoms → molecules → compounds → organelles

Cellular level description

basic unit of life

Tissue level description

groups of similar cells

Organ level description

2 or more tissues combined to perform a function

System level description

2 or more organs combined to perform a set of functions

Organism level description

any living thing considered as a whole

Histology definition

the study of tissues

4 types of tissues

connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous

Epithelial tissue function

protection, absorption, secretion, excretion, sensation

Epithelial surfaces

basal and apical

Basement membrane surface

attaches to other tissues

Apical surface

free or unattached cells

Epithelial tissues are the only ones that are

nonvascular

Classification of epithelial tissue is based on

arrangement/layer of cells and the shape of the cell

Types of arrangement/layers of cells

simple, stratified, pseudostratified

Simple arrangement

single layer of cells

Stratified arrangement

2 or more layers of cells

Psuedostratified arrangement

single layer of cells that appears to be more than 1 layer (nuclei dont line up but all are attached to basement membrane)

Types of shapes of the cell

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

Squamous cell shape

Thin, plate like cells

Cuboidal cell shape

cells appear square like, as wide as they are tall

Columnar cell shape

cells are taller than they are wide

All specific epithelium tissue types

• Simple squamous epithelium

• Simple cuboidal epithelium

• Simple columnar epithelium

• Psuesdostratified epithelium

• Stratified squamous epithelium

• Stratified cuboidal epithelium

• Stratified columnar epithelium

• Transitional epithelium

• Glandular epithelium

Thinnest epithelium

simple squamous

Simple squamous epithelium found in

lines blood vessels, lines heart, alveoli of lungs

Simple cuboidal epithelium found in

renal tubules, thyroid gland, outer surfaces of ovaries

Simple columnar can be

ciliated or non-ciliated

Cilia definition

small attachments on apical surface of cell for unidirectional movement of particles

Simple columnar epithelium associated with

goblet cells

Goblet cells

secrete mucus

Simple columnar epithelium found in

stomach, small intestine, large intestine, uterus, oviduct

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium are

ciliated

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium associated with

goblet cells

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium found in

nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi

Stratified squamous epithelium found in

epidermis (outer layer of skin), mouth, esophagus, vagina, anus

Stratified cuboidal epithelium found in

esophagus glands, sweat glands

Stratified columnar epithelium found in

mammary gland and pharynx

Transitional epithelium specialized to

specialized to accommodate fluctuations in fluids within organs

Transitional epithelium found in

the bladder, uterus, urethra

Glandular epithelium specialized for

secretion or excretion

Secretion definition

release of substance by a cell that has been synthesized by the cell and usually has an effect on other cells of the body

Excretion definition

expulsion of waste products

Glandular epithelium found in 2 types of glands

Endocrine glands and exocrine glands

Endocrine gland function

release products directly into bloodstream

Exocrine gland function

release products onto epithelial surface

Types of exocrine glands

merocine glands, apocine glands, holocrine glands

Merocine gland

release products without any change in cells

Merocrine gland examples

pancreas, salivary glands

Apocrine gland

Release products with a part of the cell

Apocrine gland example

mammary gland

Holocrine gland

entire cell is release with the products

Holocrine gland example

sebaceous gland (hair)

Connective tissue functions

• connect other tissues

• enclosing and separating other tissues

• support and movement

• storage

• cushioning and insulation

• transportation

• protection

Connective tissue cell types

blasts, cytes, clasts

Blasts connective tissue cell

create extracellular matrix