SS 104 Weeks 3 and 4

First Industrial Revolution

Textiles, steam, iron

Second Industrial Revolution

Steel, chemicals, electricity, oil, trolleys, telegraphs, buses
Vast increase in the industrialization in countries like the UK, germany, belgium, and Switzerland especially

UK leading by a lot because the industrial revolution started there, constitutional government
In Europe: Era of nationalism/imperialism
In US: gilded age

Growth of cities (urbanization)

Factories grow, and so do neighboring populations, linked to agriculture
Ruhr/Saar Valley: Germany (coal)
Lyon/Lille: France (manufacturing)
Birmingham: UK (manufacturing)
Steam engine, migration into cities for work
Creating of a waged labor force: proletarianization (1848)

Growth of cities: Paris

1853: Haussmann streets and revolution displacement of working-class populations and the creation of distinct wealthy and "popular" arrondissements, working class pushed towards outskirts, stops revolution through how the urban spaces are built
Banlieues: areas facing significant social challenges, including high poverty rates and issues of public safety.
Built on a river

Growth of cities: Berlin

1862-1900, urban expansion and redesign of the infrastructure (Hobrecht) with neighborhoods and belonging at the center, later Wilhemian boulevards
Castle walls because that was how they were kept safe

Built around a river

Growth of cities: London

Night soil men: issues with growth including sanitation and health problems. The growth of the population led to the rise of night soil men, who collected human waste.
West end: upper middle class
East end: immigrants and working class
Overcrowding, wealthy move to planned districts
Suburb growth because of railways
Rich stays away from poor because of infrastructure

Liverpool

Many docks because it is a world powerhouse as a ship port, huge roles in slave trades before slavery was abolished

Sectarianism

Sectarianism refers to divisions and conflicts that arise within or between religious or ethnic groups, often leading to tension and violence. It highlights the importance of identity in social and political contexts.

Chinese immigration

Seafaring, Shanghai, Hong Kong, silk, cotton, teas, difficult ways of living

Social stratificaition

all of the social classes arranged in a hierarchical arrangement of individuals and groups in a society based on factors like wealth, power, and social status.

Social class

A segment of society whose members hold similar amounts of resources, values, norms, and lifestyle (Weber)
But also: property, wealth (not income), power, prestige

ENGLISH GAME

Urban classes in the west

Skilled labor vs. Unskilled labor

Upper classes

Middle classes: commerce vs. wealth

• Consumption

• Seeks to increase power but not challenge the status quo

Working class

• Have their own stratification system

• Artisans and guilds

Beer St. and Gin Lane

Gin lane meant to be in the East end

Beer St. is where the middle class and working class can coexist

First Offense

Little boy in a courtroom setting, likely of working class, petty crime

Omnibus life

Flowers to show excess money

Middle class

Extra bows and ribbons

Spending money but not enough to have own driver or carriage

Derby Day

Early mid victorian era

Pink and white dress because she wears many layers, hat

Man is wearing white, shiny hat

Elevated people sitting in an omnibus, middle class

Other people sitting in their carriages, upper class

People sitting on the ground, dark colors, lower class

Performers beyond social stratification, margins of society because they are flexible in social norms

Gambling people, trained horses skilled labor

White space, men and women together

Pressures of urban life

The Courts: where nightsoil men do work

Poverty and progress

Classical liberals utilitarianism

Classical liberals are like bah humbug

Workhouses for the poor

• Hammering rocks 12 hrs a day

• Horrible places

• Government provides food

• People would rather die than go there

1834 Poor Law

aimed to reform the existing system of poor relief. It shifted the focus from parish-based relief to a system of workhouses

Jacob Riis, 1880s

Documented urban poverty and spurred social reform, forced viewers to confront systemic causes rather than moral failings of the poor

Mapping and the Victorians

London labor and the poor

John Snow

Booth poverty maps

Slum clearances – good or bad?

• Gets rid of immediate problems like theft

• Kinship relationships destroyed and displaced

• Family breaks down

• Poverty needs people to nurture properties

Understand just from looking at the maps

Bazalgette

London sewer system
Embankments: ease flooding and houses sewers
Reduced cholera deaths

Isamabard Kingdom Brunel

Railways

Tunnels
Steamships

Bridges
Big chains

John Fowler

London underground metro

Prince Albert

Advocated for urban design and public health

John Snow

Cholera mapping, broad street pump

1820s under Sir Robert Peele

Bobbies: police

Panopticon: a concept for a type of prison designed to maximize surveillance, aims to create a sense of constant, inescapable visibility, encouraging self-discipline and conformity among the inmates

White middle class man getting stabbed by a foreigner

By 1800s people having anxiety by immigration because they look different

Police DGAF and from the working class, so they do not want to do real work

Jack the Ripper (Whitechapel, 1888)

Prostitution and how killing was justified because of status as lesser than women
Dark tourism: involves visiting sites associated with death, disaster, and suffering

Late 19th Century Urban Life

Redesigning cities: Paris, Vienna, and Boston Suburbs
Department stores

Leisrure

Slum clearance

Reforms: government intervention in public health and poverty
Vibrancy, “cheek by jowl” diversity, access to new tech, the arts, leisure culture, literature

Pushes and pulls

Mills closing down and opening in New England

People pushed out of Eastern Europe and settling in UK

Immigrants end up in working class

Difficult for Jewish to assimilate because they cannot speak English and lack of freedoms

A lot of people in Europe
Persecution: pogroms in Russia

Rails, steamships, roads aid in migration and returns
Cheap land to farm, better wages elsewhere

Famine, poverty

US vs. UK?

Nativism: the practice of supporting the wants and needs of residents of a given area over the interests of immigrants
Conversion: the act of someone coming to live in a different country
Assimilation or acculturation
Melting pot or mosaic?
The Mortar of Assimilation: welcome all foreigners, some groups too disruptive to “mix in”

Enlightenment ideals and gender

1. Faith in reason and human rationality to reject the tradition and the pre-established institutions and thoughts

2. Search for the practical, useful knowledge as the power to control nature

3. Deism, separation of church and state, democracy, republicanism, constitutionalism, rights, equality, liberty, freedom

4. Feminization of the revolution: Enlightenment ideals associate with feminine influence, moral reform, domesticity (republican motherhood, advocates for education like Wollstonecraft)

Gender theory and the enlightenment

1. Femininity: domestic, pious, gentle

2. Feminism: men and women equal

3. Public sphere vs private sphere

   • Men in public, leave the house, interact with whoever

   • Women in private sphere, manage home

   • Habermas

4. Education: lack of for many women

5. Identity

   • Gender and class, race, religion, sexuality

   • Baseline is white middle class womanhood

6. Cult of domesticity and womanhood

   • Connects with ideas of piety, purity, submissiveness, domesticity

Bluestocking women

Enlightenment

The Muses women

Elite upperclass women in their fields

Educated privately or tutors in the home

Society views them in a different way because they are not meant to be having intellectual conversations in the public sphere

Become masculinized and sexualized

Olympe de Gouge gets executed as a result

What happens from the Enlightenment to the Victorian era?

Shut down period in the regency period after the enlightenment

Also called the federal period in US, called Georgian period in Britain

Son takes over as regent because George III mentally ill

Wollstonecraft emphasis on no marriage

Upper Class women do not get jobs because they will lose their status

Only way to survive is through marriage

Men get to pick who they want to marry, women need to be looking the part

Women obsessed with being in the private sphere

Women labeled as prostitutes because of the prominades with men

Wollstonecraft first wave of women’s rights

Renewed push after 75 years

Primogeniture: oldest male takes over

Coverature: legal idea that women are bound by their relationship to the men in their life

Victorian Womanhood

Habermas and Spheres
Cult of domesticity

Suffrage

Intersectionality

Companion of manhood

First image:
Explains cult of domesticity

Middle class: comfortable, toys

Viewed in relation to what she does for others

Taking care of her kids, some semblance of education when she reads

Multitasking
VS.
Second image:

26 year old woman working since the age of 7

Baby lacks opportunities because of their class

The Cult of Domesticity

Upper middle class, tending to her kids, nice things

Knitting, talking to her four kids

Angel in the House: Mom

Always busy, angelic

Mrs. Beeton

• Perform domestic duties thoroughly

• 1859-61, expected housekeeper/cook to do these things

Painting part of Hicks, woman is ministering angel

• Women often become nurses because of maternal compassion

• Always a woman there for you, job for them to take care of men

Queen Victoria

• Grandmother of Europe

• Disagrees with women’s rights

• Product of her environment

• Queen, not a woman

The fallen woman

What you dont want to be and what the eventualities would be if you were promiscuous

Sex is only for procreation

Mistress, working class, man providing for her

Having an epiphany

It is bad to be the fallen woman

Past and present

• Woman passed out on the ground

• Husband is solemn

• Middle class

• Scared children

• House of cards that is meant to fall

• Apple fruit of sin, she has fallen

• Young girl cries in the lap of a woman, most likely her mother, when mother traverses bounds of reality it is bad

• Lays in the sewers, most likely her home because she is homeless

• Has a baby, most likely had an affair

Black Victorian Womanhood

Sarah Parker Remond: lectured in the US and UK against slavery, pressured US during civil war, advocated for Black women education

Harriet Hayden: abolitionist, helped fugitive slaves through Underground Railroad

• All middle-class black people go to her home

Julia Ann Jackson Briggs: fuonded school for Black children, advocated for women’s suffrage

Mary Seacole: nursed wounded soldiers, medicine, challenged racial barriers, autobiography

Sojourner Truth: Famous speech in Ohio, 1846 for women’s rights, white middle class women in the crowd, so is Fredrick Douglass, Repetition, points out the inconsistencies in treating Black women with the same treatment as white women

Working women

Advocating for themselves in these spaces through trade unions

Cannot keep these jobs after getting married

Declaration of Sentiments (Seneca Falls)

Important movement since the first wave

Need to start doing something for women’s rights

Asks for right to vote

Ending primogeniture and coverature

Declaration of Sentiments: Enlightenment language, laws of nature, list of grievances, inalienable rights, life, liberty, pursuit of happiness, Lockean, consent of governed

White middle class women concerned about Black men getting right to vote before them

JS Mill

Subjection of Women

Utilitarian: greatest good for greatest number of people

Portrayed as a woman because of his avocation
All rounder of Classical Liberalism and Utility

Feminist

Principles of Political Economy, laissez faire

“New Woman”

Challenge the status quo of the domestic sphere, education and enter the public sphere

NWSA

Suffrage
Stanton
Susan B Anthony
More radical

Equal Ed

Rights

Voting
USA

AWSA

Lucy Stone

Moderate

More limited suffrage
USA

NWUSS

Millicent Fawcett suffragists

Peaceful, political

Mud March

UK

WSPU

Pankhurst family

Suffragettes

Militancy

Civil disobedience
Emily Davison

Campaigning

Parades, pageants, parlor politics, civil disobedience

Parlor politics

Suffragists draw attention to cause with pretty buildings and social events, usually the wives of politicians

Consuelo Vanderbilt: married to duke of marlborough

Suffragist

peaceful and legal tactics

Suffragette

militant and direct action

Civil disobedience and the law

Suffragettes undergo hunger strikes to protest, released under the Cat and Mouse Act that allowed for the reimprisonment of the strikers until they recovered from starvation on original charges
Alice Paul founded Congressional Union for woman suffrage, later became national woman’s party

The Antis

actively opposed granting women the right to vote, they believed that women were not suited for political life and that granting them suffrage would disrupt traditional gender roles and societal structures

The White Feather Campaign

Suffragettes shame men for not being in the war by giving them white feathers

Woodrow Wilson

publicly endorsed woman's suffrage by the federal government. It is believed that women's roles during World War I helped Wilson see the need for suffrage, granted right to vote

Birth control

Control over own body, sexual liberation

Marie Stopes English version

• Poor people have families they cannot take care of, eugenics idea

Maragrat Sanger

• Dangerous abortions