At for Exercise Science Exam # 2

Functions of ice

Decreases circulation via vasoconstriction

Decreases metabolism; Cells require less O2 and are more resistant to further damage (Secondary Hypoxic- Zone or secondary injury)

Decreases pain perception

Decrease muscle spasm (nerve conduction and muscle spindle activity)

Cold pain

First Stage of ice application 0-3 minutes

Burning/Aching

Second Stage of ice application 2-7 minutes

Numbness (Analgesia)

Third stage of ice application 5-12 minutes CBAA

Effect of Heat Post Acute Injury

Increase blood flow via vasodilation

Increase metabolism

Increase Extensibility of collagen (scar tissue)

Decrease pain by increasing Analgesia

Decrease muscle spasm

Decrease inflammation/debris

Decrease joint stiffness

Example of Superficial heat

Contrast bath.... could be compared to cryokinetics

Inflammatory Response

Muscle spasm, inhibition of muscular strength, Loss or decrease of ROM

Normal Resting Pulse (HR)

60-80 beats/min

Respiratory Rate and Quality

12-20 per min

Normal Blood Pressure

120/80 mmHg

Vital Signs (Localized Skin temperature Increase)

Indication of infection

Potential Causes of Shock

Damaged heart, Low blood volume, Blood vessel Dilation

Result of Shock

Heart pumps blood faster, due to decrease in volume the pulse is weak and blood pressure drops

Circulatory Distress: If not corrected may lead to unconsciousness and death

Conditions that may lead to Shock

Extreme temperature exposure, Extreme fatigue, Extreme dehydration, Severe Injury (fracture/hemorrhage), Illness

Signs and Symptoms of Shock

Systolic BP drops below 90mmhg, Diastolic BP drops below 60mmhg, Pulse is rapid and weak, Respiration is rapid and Shallow, Athlete is drowsy and appears sluggish

Sign of internal hemorrhage

Rapid and weak pulse

Thermoregulation

The process by which the body maintains body temperature

Sign and Symptom of Heat Exhaustion

Body Temperature is normal or slightly elevated

Sign and Symptom of Heat Stroke

Body temperature increase markedly (sudden rise)

Sodium and Fluid Replacement

_____ is important to maintain weight (dangerous if not maintained)

Hydrate/Overhydrate

The best way of getting Fluid Replacement (Prevention of Heat Cramps, Exhaustion, and Stroke)

Indication of inadequate hydration

Dark yellow urine of small volume

____ oz of fluid for every pound of water lost during exercise

24 oz

High risk Temperature for Heat cramps, exhaustion and heat stroke

73-82 Degrees Fahrenheit

Risk Factor of Exercise-associated Hyponatremia (EAH)

Prolonged exercise in dehydrated individuals who lose large amounts of sodium through sweat

Signs/Symptoms of Hyponatremia

Swelling in the extremities (fingers and ankles)- differs from heat illness

Core temperature below 104 degrees Fahrenheit (differentiates from heat stroke)

Hyponatremia

Condition where sodium level in blood is abnormally low

Common areas of frostbite

Finger tips, Toes, Earlobes, Tip of nose

Severity (1st, 2nd, 3rd degree) Frostbite

Depends on depth of cold penetration, time of exposure, temperature and wind velocity

Lightning Safety

______ _____ Policy needed in place in case of storm

Chain of command

Person who makes call to remove athletes during lightning warning, heat, etc.

Designated Weather Watcher

could be a coach or ATC, job is to monitor weather in case of storm

30-30 rule First 30

Represents if the time between a lightning flash and sound of thunder is 30s or less the lightning is close enough to hit you

30-30 rule Second 30

After first flash of lightning wait 30 minutes before leaving your shelter

Moving an athlete with neck/head injury

Make sure that the head and neck are in straight alignment with long axis of body (minimal cervical spine movement)

Method of getting athlete on stretcher

Lift and Slide- 8 person minimum needed (preferred method)

3 types of splints

Homemade (DIY), Air splint, Vacuum splint (Best for fracture)

Cause of Myositis Ossificans

Contusions (1st, 2nd or 3rd degree)

Myositis Ossificans

Bone and calcium growth in muscle resulting from a severe blow that impacted the muscle and bone. Affects muscle contraction and function

Muscle Compartment Syndrome

Painful condition due to high pressure in muscle compartment where fascia cannot expand. Caused from Trauma/Swelling or Hypertrophy

Overuse Stage 1

Pain during activity

Overuse Stage 2

Pain during activity, does not restrict performance

Overuse Stage 3

Pain during activity that restricts performance

Overuse Stage 4

Chronic unremitting pain, even at rest

Ligament Sprain grades

1st- mild (few fibers torn)

2nd- moderate (partial tear)

3rd- Severe (full tear)

What to feel for during ligament tear test

Amount of "give"=laxity, soft end feel or soft end point

Avulsion Fracture

When a tendon/ligament injury pulls off end connecting piece of bone (tendon/ligament usually intact)

Hematoma

Whole blood and cellular debris together

X-ray

The only positive means of identifying a fracture

Inadequate Hydration

Dark yellow urine of small volume

Vital Signs (Localized Skin Temperature Decrease)

Indication of decreased circulation to that area