Population and Urbanisation Studies B1 Flashcards

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering the key concepts, definitions, and stages of demographic transition and urbanization from Modules 1 through 3.

Population

The total number of individuals, households, or demographic groups residing in a specific geographic area at a given time.

Fertility

The number of births that occur to an individual or in a population.

Mortality

Analyses the number and causes of deaths in a population.

Life Expectancy

The expected number of years an individual will live if they were to live their entire life right now.

Population Composition

The biological and social characteristics of a population, including age, sex, race, marital status, education, occupation, income, and size of household.

Changes in Population

The number of people in a given area that can grow or decline as a result of the number of births that take place, the number of deaths that occur and/or by the number of people moving in or out of a locale.

Demography

The scientific study of human population.

Urbanisation

The process by which a growing share of a population comes to live in urban areas rather than rural ones.

Climate Variability

The shorter-term variation (daily, seasonal, annual).

Climate Change

A long-term trend in climate averages (decades or longer).

Disaster Risk

A function of the probability of hazards, vulnerability (susceptibility), and exposure (elements at risk such as population and infrastructure).

Mitigation

Strategies that aims to minimise climate change impacts by reducing greenhouse gas emissions (e.g., reducing reliance on carbon-based economy).

Adaptation

Focuses on reducing negative climate change impacts by adjusting to current effects (e.g., relocating buildings to safer areas).

Resilience

The ability to absorb stresses and maintain function amid external stresses or hazards related to climate.

Sustainable Development

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Brundtland Commission, 1987).

Smart Cities

Urban environments that strategically deploy information and communication technologies (ICT), data analytics, sensors, the Internet of Things (IoT), and networked systems to enhance efficiency, equity, sustainability, and quality of life.

Demographic Balancing Equation

$$Pop2 = Pop1 + B - D + IM - OM$$

Suburbanisation

The process where the inner ring or commuter belt grows at the expense of the urban core.

Exurbanisation

Growth beyond the suburban/commuter belt.

Counter urbanisation

Population loss of the urban core exceeds population gain of the ring, so the agglomeration loses population overall.

Reurbanisation

Process where the urban core's population loss tapers off or the core starts to regain population while the ring still loses population.

Peripheral urbanisation

A concept reflecting the expansion of capitalism into Third World regions, describing the impact of global capitalism on national urban systems from a political economy perspective.

Stage 1: Preindustrial Society

A stage characterized by high fertility and high mortality, resulting in low or negative natural population growth.

Stage 2: Early Industrial Society

A stage where manufacturing jobs appear, death rates decline due to public health and improved diets, and population growth is explosive because fertility remains high.

Stage 3: Late Industrial Society

A stage where a majority of people live in urban areas, death rates remain low, and fertility declines as the cost/benefit ratio of children changes.

Stage 4: Postindustrial Society

Highly urbanised society with very low death rates and declining birth rates that may lead to zero or negative population growth.

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

A condition reached when birth rates equal death rates in a society.

Triple Bottom Line

The three interconnected dimensions of sustainable development: economic, social and environmental.

Integrated land-use planning

A strategy to promote compact urban form, limit unplanned sprawl, protect ecosystems, and use space efficiently.