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Support
Provides structural support for the body and its organs.
Protection
Surrounds and protects vital organs, such as the brain and spinal cord.
Movement
Serves as attachment points for muscles, allowing for body movement.
Storage
Stores minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus, for metabolic use.
Blood Cell Formation
Hematopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow, producing blood cells.
Axial Skeleton
The central skeleton (including the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage).
Appendicular Skeleton
The extremities (arms and legs).
Compact Bone
Dense and hard outer layer of bone.
Spongy Bone
Porous and less dense inner layer of bone.
Long Bones
Long bones, mostly compact bone (femur, humerus).
Flat Bones
Thin, flattened, and usually curved (skull bones, ribs).
Short Bones
Roughly cube-shaped, mostly spongy bone (carpals, tarsals).
Irregular Bones
Have complex shapes that don't fit into other categories (vertebrae, hip bones).
Diaphysis
The shaft or long main portion of a bone.
Periosteum
A tough membrane covering the outer surface of bones.
Epiphysis
The end part of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft.
Articular Cartilage
Tissue covering the ends of bones at joints.
Epiphyseal Line
The line left when growth stops in adulthood.
Epiphyseal Plate
Growth plate in bones that allows them to grow longer, especially during childhood and adolescence.
Medullary Cavity
The central hollow part of a bone where marrow is stored. Red marrow makes blood cells, and yellow marrow stores fat.
Osteocyte
Mature bone cell.
Lacunae
Small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes.
Lamellae
Layers of bone matrix.
Central Canal
Canal in the center of osteons, containing blood vessels and nerves.
Osteon
Structural unit of compact bone.
Perforating Canals
Channels that extend from the periosteum to the central canal.
Osteoblasts
Builders of bone, they help in bone formation.
Osteoclasts
Break down bone, playing a role in bone remodeling/breakdown.
Parathyroid Hormone
Regulates blood calcium levels.
Hypercalcemia
Too much calcium in the blood.
Hypocalcemia
Too little calcium in the blood.
Comminuted Fracture
Bone is broken into multiple fragments.
Impacted Fracture
One fragment is driven into another.
Transverse Fracture
Break occurs at a right angle to the bone.
Oblique Fracture
Break occurs at an angle to the bone.
Spiral Fracture
Break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied.
Greenstick Fracture
Incomplete break, common in children, where the bone is bent and only partially broken.
Plane Joint
Allows for sliding or gliding movements. Ex:Carpals.
Hinge Joint
Allows for movement in one plane, like a hinge. Ex:Elbow, knee.
Pivot Joint
Allows for rotation around an axis, between radius and ulna.
Saddle Joint
Allows for movement in two planes. Ex:Thumb.
Ball and Socket Joint
Allows for the most movement, with a spherical head fitting into a cup-like socket. Ex:Hip, shoulder.
osteoporosis
bone thinning disease affecting older people that results in bone weakness and fracture, women are particularly vulnerable to osteoporosis following menopause when estrogen levels drop
osteoarthritis
“wear and tear” condition where articular cartilage breaks down over time, common in older people“wear and tear” condition where articular cartilage breaks down over time, common in older people
rheumatoid arthritis
inflammatory disorder where the immune system attacks joint tissue, more common in women than men, impacts people of all age groups
gout
occurs when uric acid accumulates in blood and gets deposited as crystals in joints, more common in men than women