Higher Biology Unit 2

anabolic reaction

build up large molecules from small molecules

requires energy

catabolic reaction

break down large molecules into smaller molecules

release energy

metabolic pathways

integrated and controlled pathways of enzyme catalysed reactions within a cell

induced fit

when the active site changes shape to better fit the substrate after it binds

Competitive Inhibition

inhibitor binds to the active site preventing the substrate from binding

can be reversed by increasing substrate concentration

non-competitive inhibition

inhibitor binds away from the active site but changes the shape of the active site, preventing the substrate from binding

Feedback Inhibition

Occurs when the end product of the metabolic reaction reaches critical concentration.

The end product inhibits the earlier enzyme, blocking the pathway and so prevents further synthesis of the end product.

Conformer

internal environment is dependent upon the external environment

they use behavioural responses to maintain optimum metabolic rate

Regulator

maintain their internal environment regardless of the external environment

regulators have____ ecological niches

high

conformers have ____ ecological niches

low

conformers have ___ metabolic costs

low

reguators have ____ metabolic costs

high

hypothalamus

temperature monitoring centre of the brain

sweating

body heat used to evaporate water in the sweat, cooling the skin

vasodilation

increased blood flow to the skin increases heat loss

hair erector muscles contracting

traps a layer of insulating air

shivering

muscle contraction generates heat

dormancy

allows survival during a period when the costs of continued normal metabolic activity would be too high.

a decrease in metabolic rate, heart rate, breathing rate and body temperature.

predictive dormancy

occurs BEFORE the onset of adverse conditions

consequencal dormancy

occurs AFTER the onset of adverse conditions

Daily torpor

a period of reduced activity in animals with high metabolic rates

Aestivation

allows survival during periods of high temperature or drought

migration

avoids metabolic adversity by expending energy to relocate to a more suitable environment

can be innate or learned

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