BIO EXAM #3 RETAKE!!!!!!!!

The process of translation in eukaryotes produces _____.

1. DNA

2. polypeptides

3. RNA

4. codons

Polypeptides

During which stage or stages do sister chromatids separate? More than one may be correct.

1. anaphase of meiosis 2

2. anaphase of mitosis

3. anaphase of meiosis 1

Anaphase of meiosis 2

Anaphse of mitosis

• two correct answers

DNA replication, transcription, and the binding of tRNA to the mRNA transcript all work properly in a cell due to

1. the fact that the genetic code is universal.

2. DNA polymerase proof reading function.

3. complementary base pairing.

4. the fact that DNA is a double helix.

Complementary base pairing.

The Old Order Amish of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania have a higher rate of polydactyly than the rest of the North American population because one of the original members of that population carried that allele. More than one may be correct.

1. This is an example of genetic drift.

2. This is an example of the bottleneck effect.

3. This is an example of gene flow.

4. This is an example of the founder effect.

This is an example of genetic drift.

This is an example of the founder effect.

Which of the following are genetically identical?

1. sister chromatids

2. the mother's and the father's chromosomes

3. the mother's and her child's chromosomes

4. both members of a pair of chromosomes

Sister chromatids

Consider the image above. The alleles for the gene for hypercholesterolemia give the above phenotypes depending on the genotypes listed. The pattern of inheritance for this disorder is

1. incomplete dominance.

2. simple dominance.

3. more than two alleles in the population.

4. codominance.

Incomplete dominance.

Which is NOT one of the preconditions in a population where natural selection is at work?

1. All mating in the population is random.

2. There is variation that can be inherited in a population.

3. Adaptive characteristics in some individuals make them more likely to survive and reproduce.

4. Many more individuals are produced by a population than can survive and reproduce.

All mating in the population is random. 

Two genes are linked if

1. if they end up in the same cell after mitosis.

2. they occur on non-homologous chromosomes.

3. they occur on the same chromosome.

4. if they end up in the same cell after meiosis.

They occur on the same chromosome.

The p53 protein is part of a pathway that inhibits cell division. When the p53 gene mutates it fails to turn on genes that inhibit cell division. The p53 gene is a/an

1. proto-oncogene.

2. tumor suppressor gene.

3. angiogen.

Tumor suppressor gene.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about oogenesis, the production of eggs, in humans?

1. It occurs in the ovary.

2. The egg will contain 23 chromosomes.

3. Four equal size daughter cells will form.

4. At least two nonfunctional polar bodies will form.

For equal size daughter cells will form.

Which form of microevolution leads to adaptation?

1. natural selection

2. genetic drift.

3. gene flow.

4. mutation

Natural selection

Meiosis results in

1. four haploid cells that are genetically identical.

2. four haploid cells that are genetically different from one another.

3. two cells with one genetically identical to the mother and the other identical to the father.

4. two cells that genetically are identical to the parent cell.

Four haploid cells that are genetically different from one another.

Which of the following would be the transcription of this DNA sequence, ATTCGGAAG, to the complementary mRNA sequence?

1. AUUCGGUUG

2. GTTCCGAAT

3. TAAGCCTTC

4. UAAGCCUUC

UAAGCCUUC

A man with straight hair has is homozygous for the straight hair allele and a woman who has curly hair is homozygous for the curly hair allele. Their child has wavy hair. This is an example of

1. sex-linked.

2. complete dominance.

3. codominance.

4. incomplete dominance.

Incomplete dominance

If an allele is recessive then

1. it is the less common allele in a population.

2. if shows a phenotype in females more often than males.

3. it is not the allele causing the phenotype in a heterozygous individual.

4. it is worse than the dominant allele.

It is not the allele causing the phenotype in a heterozygus individual.

One is most likely to find fossils in

1. metamorphic rock.

2. volcanic rock.

3. fresh mud.

4. sedimentary rock.

Sedimentary rock.

Two individuals are heterozygous for a gene on an autosomal chromosome. If they were crossed, what would be the genotypic ratios of their offspring?

1. 1 Homozygous dominant: 1 Heterozygous

2. 1 Homozygous dominant: 1 Homozygous recessive

3. 1 Homozygous dominant: 2 Heterozygous: 1 Homozygous recessive

4. 1 Heterozygous: 1 Homozygous recessive

1 Homozygous dominant : 2 Heterozygous : 1 Homozygous recessive.

Anatomical features that are fully developed and functional in one group of organisms but reduced and functionless in a similar group are called

1. homologous.

2. polygenic.

3. analogous.

4. vestigial.

Vestigial.

In which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell?

1. prophase

2. anaphase

3. interphase

4. metaphase

Metaphase.

During elongation of translation

1. the first tRNA binds to the start codon.

2. DNA helicase unwinds the DNA.

3. the growing polypeptide is transfered to the newly arrived tRNA and amino acid.

4. the release factor binds to the stop codon.

The growing polypeptide is transferred to the newly arrived tRNA and amino acid.

Soft tissues like skin and organs are more commonly fossilized than hard tissues like bones and teeth.

1. True

2. False

False

Prophase of mitosis and prophase 1 of meiosis are different in that

1. chromosomes condense in prophase 1 of meiosis but not in prophase of mitosis.

2. the nuclear envelope breaks down in prophase 1 of meiosis but not in prophase of mitosis.

3. sister chromatids move apart in prophase 1 of meiosis but not in prophase of mitosis.

4. homologous chromosomes come in contact to allow crossing over in prophase 1 of meiosis but not in prophase of mitosis.

Homologous chromosomes come in contact to allow crossing over in prophase 1 of meiosis but not in prophase of mitosis.

Colorblindness is a sex-linked recessive trait. A man has normal vision and a woman is colorblind. If they have a male child, what is the percent chance of it being colorblind? You can find a link to a Punnet square tool in the instructions at the top of the exam.

1. 50%

2. 25%

3. 0%

4. 100%

5. 75%

100%

If a parent cell has a diploid number of 54 chromosomes before mitosis, how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have?

27

A population of bats lives in a cave. Some of the bats have an allele that gives them pale fur while other bats have brown fur. One evening a storm came up and killed many of the bats while flying. By chance most of the bats carrying the brown fur allele were killed, changing the allele frequency. This is an example of

1. Mutation

2. Natural Selection

3. Gene Flow

4. Genetic Drift

Genetic Drift

A royal blue painted bunting leaves its group and mates with a green painted bunting in another area. What is this an example of?

1. Gene Flow

2. Genetic Drift

3. Mutation

4. Natural Selection

Gene Flow

Match the following genetics terms to their definitions.

Prompts

1. Gene

2. Locus

3. Allele

Answers

1. A segment of DNA that codes for a particular physical or biochemical trait.

2. A specific location on a chromosome.

3. Alternate forms of a gene.

Gene - A segment of DNA that codes for a particular physical or biochemical trait.

Locus - A specific location on a chromosome.

Allele - Alternate forms of a gene.

Traits that are controlled by several sets or pairs of alleles, such as skin color and height in humans, are the result of what form of inheritance?

1. incomplete dominance

2. polygenic

3. codominance

4. simple Mendelian inheritance

Polygenic

Consider the sentence “The dog ate the cat.” Which of the following is most like a substitution mutation of DNA.

1. The dog tet hec at. 

2. The dog ate the rat.

3. Tht edo gat eth eca t.

The dog ate the rat.

This is because a substitution mutation replaces one piece of information with another without shifting the entire sequence.

If the diploid chromosome number is 20, the chromosome number of each gamete will be:

10

Which of the types of RNA molecules carries the amino acids that are added to the growing polypeptide chain?

1. nuclear RNA

2. messenger RNA

3. ribosomal RNA

4. transfer RNA

transfer RNA

A cell from any eukaryotic species can have its condensed chromosomes removed and stained. A picture of the chromosomes is taken through a microscope and all the homologous pairs can be matched with image software. This can be used to find chromosomal disorders. The image of the chromosomes is called a/an

1. linkage map.

2. nondisjunction

3. ABO blood type test.

4. karyotype.

Karyotype.

The ABO blood group refers to antigens that can be found on red blood cells. Some people have AB blood. This is an example of

1. sex-linked.

2. incomplete dominance.

3. codominance.

4. complete dominance.

5. pleiotropy.

Codominance

The pigeon is a bird that lives in cities and in the wild in Europe and North America. People capture them and breed them for certain traits, like a certain feather color. All black feathers for example. The genetic differences between pure-bred pigeons and wild pigeons is likely that

1. pure-bred pigeons are heterozygous for more alleles.

2. pure-bred pigeons will be less likely to have genetic disorders.

3. wild pigeons will be more likely to have genetic disorders.

4. wild pigeons are heterozygous for more alleles

Wild pigeons are heterozygous for more alleles

Imagine a heterozygous individual with type A blood and a heterozygous individual with type B blood have children. Match each blood type with the proportion of children expected to have that blood type. Answers may be used more than once.

Prompts

Answers

A

B

AB

O

A - 25%

B - 25%

AB - 25%

O - 25%

When the female in a clownfish mating pair dies, the male changes sex to become a female and takes a smaller male as a mate. This is an example of:

1. incomplete dominance

2. codominance

3. polygenic inheritance

4. the influence of environment on phenotype

the influence of environment on phenotype

Messenger RNA is produced in the

1. endoplasmic reticulum.

2. cytoplasm.

3. nucleus.

4. ribosomes.

Nucleus. 

Natural selection causes new mutations.

1. True

2. False

False

The part of a transfer RNA molecule that binds to the codon is the

1. amino acid.

2. rRNA.

3. anticodon.

4. codon.

5. active site.

Anticodon.

Fertilization in the human life cycle results in

1. a zygote.

2. gametes.

3. eggs and sperm.

4. haploid cells.

A zygote.

Down syndrome is

1. usually caused by nondisjunction resulting in trisomy of chromosme 21.

2. usually caused by nondisjunction resulting in monosomy of chromosme 21.

3. usually caused by a mutation in a single gene.

4. usually caused by nondisjunction resulting in chromosomal inversion.

Usually caused by nondisjunction resulting in trisomy of chromosome 21.

Which type of natural selection increases the frequency of an intermediate phenotype? It is represented by the example of most human babies being born of an intermediate size.

1. disruptive

2. directional

3. diversifying

4. stabilizing

Stabilizing

_______ occurs when chromosomes fail to separate properly during meiosis, leading to gametes with an unusual number of chromosomes.

1. Deletion

2. Translocation

3. Karyotyping

4. Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction

An individual who has an only one X chromosome is said to have _____ syndrome.

1. Down

2. Turner

3. Poly-X

4. Klinefelter

Turner

The reason that missing an X chromosome and having an extra X chromosome do NOT cause more harm than they do is best explained by the

1. a higher level of gene-repair enzyme activity on sex chromosomes.

2. inactivation of any X beyond the first as a Barr body. 

3. presence of genes on the Y chromosome that determine maleness.

4. loss of a sex chromosome in normal cells as embryo development occurs

Inactivation of any X beyond the first as a Barr body. 

Alternate versions of the same gene are called:

• alleles

• loci

• homologous

• phenotypes

Alleles

Which type of natural selection increases the frequency of one extreme phenotype? It is represented by the example of antibiotic use driving bacteria antibiotic resistance.

• disruptive

• diversifying

• directional

• stabilizing

Directional

Mitosis results in

• four haploid cells that are genetically identical.

• two cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell.

• two cells with one genetically identical to the mother and the other identical to the father.

• four haploid cells that are genetically different from one another.

Two cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell

The sex of crocodiles and turtles is determined by the incubation temperature of their eggs. This is an example of the effects that _________________ can have on an organisms phenotype.

• dominant alleles

• the environment

• inheritance

• chromosomes

The environment

The RAS protein is part of a pathway that promotes cell division. When the RAS gene mutates it always sends a signal for the cell to divide. The ras gene is a/an

• proto-oncogene.

• tumor suppressor gene.

• angiogen.

Proto-oncogene

Disorders involving an unusual number of chromosomes are ultimately caused by:

• Nondisjunction

• Deletion

• Linkage

• Karyotyping

Nondisjunction

One individual is heterozygous for a gene on an autosomal chromosome another is homozygous recessive. If they were crossed, what would be the genotypic ratios of their offspring?

• 1 Homozygous dominant: 1 Heterozygous

• 1 Homozygous dominant: 1 Homozygous recessive

• 1 Homozygous dominant: 2 Heterozygous: 1 Homozygous recessive

• 1 Heterozygous: 1 Homozygous recessive

1 Heterozygous : 1 Homozygous recessive

Anatomical features that are similar in two different groups of organisms because they are inherited from a common ancestor are called

• analogous.

• polygenic.

• homologous.

• vestigial.

Homologous

Colorblindness is a sex-linked recessive trait. A man has normal vision and a woman has normal vision but is a carrier for the colorblindness allele. If they have a male child, what is the chance it will be colorblind? You can find a link to a Punnet square tool in the instructions at the top of the exam.

50%