Unit 3 ppt review questions
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41 Terms
What shape is a vibrio bacterium?
lightly curved rod.
What is a pleomorphic prokaryote?
A prokaryote whose cell shape varies in size and morphology.
Which form of reproduction is NOT found in prokaryotes?
Meiosis
What is the difference between spores and endospores?
Endospores are highly resistant survival structures formed by some bacteria; spores can also refer to fungal or other reproductive structures.
Scientists classify prokaryotes based on similarities in what?
DNA, RNA, and protein sequences.
Why are rRNA gene sequences excellent for classifying bacteria?
They are present in all bacteria, partly conserved, and partly variable.
What describes the taxonomy of bacteria in Bergey’s Manual?
it’s based on expert consensus at a given time.
What is an extremophile?
A microbe that requires extreme conditions of temperature, pH, or salinity to survive.
How would you classify a microbe that requires over 80°C for growth?
Hyperthermophile
A microbe that grows in >9% NaCl is a…?
Halophile
Methanogens are obligate anaerobes that…?
Convert CO₂, H₂, and organic acids into methane (CH₄).
What is nitrogen fixation?
Reduction of nitrogen gas (N₂) to ammonia (NH₃).
How are phototrophic bacteria classified?
Based on pigments and electron sources for photosynthesis.
What is an autotrophic bacterium?
One that produces organic compounds from CO₂.
If two organisms differ in G+C content, what is likely?
They are not closely related.
What is unique about mycoplasmas?
They lack a cell wall.
Does Corynebacterium have high or low G+C content
High G+C content
Which disease is NOT tick-borne: Lyme, RMSF, Tularemia, or Malaria?
Malaria
Which of these is NOT an insect: lice, fleas, ticks, flies?
ticks
What is true about mosquitoes?
Only females feed on blood.
Why are helminths studied by microbiologists?
Their eggs and larvae are microscopic and used in diagnosis.
What are the acellular pathogens?
Viruses, viroids, and prions.
What is a virion?
A capsid surrounding a nucleic acid core.
What are capsomeres?
Protein subunits that make up the viral capsid.
What describes lytic replication?
Virus replicates and lyses the host cell.
How do viruses contribute to cancer?
By carrying oncogenes or disrupting tumor suppressor genes.
How does T4 virus enter E. coli?
It releases lysozyme to weaken the cell wall.
What is a prophage?
A viral genome inserted into the host’s DNA.
Can a lysogenic virus switch to the lytic cycle?
Yes, via induction that excises viral DNA.
What’s a key trait of retroviruses?
They use reverse transcriptase to make DNA from RNA.
Which is NOT used to culture animal viruses?
Tryptic soy agar.
What is a plaque assay?
used to count viruses; creates clear zones
Best method to culture bacteriophages?
Mix with bacteria and pour over agar plate.
Diploid cell cultures come from which source?
Embryonic animal, plant, or human cells.
How are viruses introduced into chicken eggs?
Injected into embryonic tissues inside the egg.
What are viroids?
Small, circular single stranded RNA pathogens in plants.
How are viroids different from viruses?
They lack capsids.
What is a prion?
A misfolded infectious protein.
How do prions multiply?
a normal prion protein must become an infection protein
What are prion diseases of the brain called?
Spongiform encephalopathies.
Why might viruses be considered living?
They have genomes with self-replication instructions.