Propaganda & Rhetorical Fallacies

Slogan

Catchy, easy to remember

Repitition

When something is drummed again and again

Loaded Words

words that arouse emotions

Loaded images

images that arouse emotions

Appeal to fears

scaring people into doing something

Appeal to needs/desires

a persuasive technique that targets people's basic needs or wants to influence their decisions.

Card Stacking

a propaganda technique that presents only information favorable to a particular position while omitting opposing viewpoints.

Bandwagon

a persuasive tactic that encourages people to adopt a belief or behavior because "everyone is doing it."

Transfer Device

symbol/idea to get support or transfer feelings from one context to another to persuade an audience. (Celebrities, famous people)

Plain Folks

a propaganda technique that seeks to convince the audience that the spokesperson is relatable and shares their common values or experiences.

Rhetoric

art of speaking effectively

Fallacies

errors in reasoning that undermine the logic of an argument

Emotional fallacy

a rhetorical fallacy that manipulates emotional responses in order to persuade an audience, rather than using logical reasoning.

Red Herring

a distraction technique that diverts attention away from the main issue in an argument by introducing an unrelated topic.

Slippery Slope

a fallacy arguing that a relatively small first step inevitably leads to a chain of related events culminating in a significant (usually negative) effect.

either/or

a logical fallacy that presents a situation as having only two possible outcomes, ignoring other viable options.

false need

creates an unnecessary desire for things

Ethical Fallacy

a reasoning error that involves a moral or ethical issue, often leading to flawed conclusions or justifications.

Ad hominem

a type of argument that attacks the character or personal traits of an individual instead of addressing the issue at hand.

False authority

a fallacy that occurs when someone claims to be an authority on a topic without the relevant credentials or expertise.

Guilty by association

calls out associates

moral equivalence

compares minor problems to major crimes

Logical fallacies

having issue in logic, proves nothing

Hasty Generalization

rushing to a conclusion based on insufficient evidence

Faulty Causality (post hoc, ergo propter hoc)

confuses chronology with causation

Straw man

taking someones argument, distorting or exaggerating it, and attacking that instead of the point

Cherry Picking

only picking evidence that supports their argument.