Microbiology Chapter 17

B. a generalized and nonspecific set of defenses against a class or group of pathogens

Which of the following best describes the innate nonspecific immune system?

A. a targeted and highly specific response to a single pathogen or molecule

B. a generalized and nonspecific set of defenses against a class or group of pathogens

C. a set of barrier mechanisms that adapts to specific pathogens after repeated exposure

D. the production of antibody molecules against pathogens

A. epidermis

Which of the following constantly sheds dead cells along with any microbes that may be attached to those cells?

A. epidermis

B. dermis

C. hypodermis

D. mucous membrane

C. the blood-brain barrier

Which of the following uses a particularly dense suite of tight junctions to prevent microbes from entering the underlying tissue?

A. the mucociliary escalator

B. the epidermis

C. the blood-brain barrier

D. the urethra

A. cytokines

Which of the following serve as chemical signals between cells and stimulate a wide range of nonspecific defenses?

A. cytokines

B. antimicrobial peptides

C. complement proteins

D. antibodies

D. antimicrobial peptides

Bacteriocins and defensins are types of which of the following?

A. leukotrienes

B. cytokines

C. inflammation-eliciting mediators

D. antimicrobial peptides

B. sebum

Which of the following chemical mediators is secreted onto the surface of the skin?

A. cerumen

B. sebum

C. gastric acid

D. prostaglandin

C. lectin

Identify the complement activation pathway that is triggered by the binding of an acute-phase protein to a pathogen.

A. classical

B. alternate

C. lectin

D. cathelicidin

B. chemical mediators that promote inflammation

Histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and bradykinin are examples of which of the following?

A. chemical mediators primarily found in the digestive system

B. chemical mediators that promote inflammation

C. antimicrobial peptides found on the skin

D. complement proteins that form MACs

C. leukocytes

White blood cells are also referred to as which of the following?

A. platelets

B. erythrocytes

C. leukocytes

D. megakaryocytes

B. bone marrow

Hematopoiesis occurs in which of the following?

A. liver

B. bone marrow

C. kidneys

D. central nervous system

D. leukocyte

Granulocytes are which type of cell?

A. lymphocyte

B. erythrocyte

C. megakaryocyte

D. leukocyte

A. pathogen

PAMPs would be found on the surface of which of the following?

A. pathogen

B. phagocyte

C. skin cell

D. blood vessel wall

A. PRRs

________ on phagocytes bind to PAMPs on bacteria, which triggers the uptake and destruction of the bacterial pathogens?

A. PRRs

B. AMPs

C. PAMPs

D. PMNs

C. A pathogen is first coated with a molecule such as a complement protein, which allows it to be recognized by phagocytes.

Which of the following best characterizes the mode of pathogen recognition for opsonin-dependent phagocytosis?

A. Opsonins produced by a pathogen attract phagocytes through chemotaxis.

B. A PAMP on the pathogen's surface is recognized by a phagocyte's toll-like receptors.

C. A pathogen is first coated with a molecule such as a complement protein, which allows it to be recognized by phagocytes.

D. A pathogen is coated with a molecule such as a complement protein that immediately lyses the cell.

B. edema

Which refers to swelling as a result of inflammation?

A. erythema

B. edema

C. granuloma

D. vasodilation

A. acute

Which type of inflammation occurs at the site of an injury or infection?

A. acute

B. chronic

C. endogenous

D. exogenous

Peristalsis

The muscular contraction of the intestines that results in movement of material through the digestive tract is called ________.

Cilia

______ are the hair-like appendages of cells lining parts of the respiratory tract that sweep debris away from the lungs.

Goblet

Secretions that bathe and moisten the interior of the intestines are produced by _______ cells.

Bacteriocins

________ are antimicrobial peptides produced by members of the normal microbiota.

Plasma

________ is the fluid portion of a blood sample that has been drawn in the presence of an anticoagulant compound.

Chemotaxis

The process by which cells are drawn or attracted to an area by a microbe invader is known as ________.

Thrombocytes

Platelets are also called ________.

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

The cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to all other blood cell types is the ________.

Neutrophils

PMNs are another name for ________.

Macrophage

Kupffer cells residing in the liver are a type of ________.

Mast cells

_____________ are similar to basophils, but reside in tissues rather than circulating in the blood.

Extravasation

________, also known as diapedesis, refers to the exit from the bloodstream of neutrophils and other circulating leukocytes.

Pattern recognition receptors (PRR's)

Toll-like receptors are examples of ________.

Granuloma

A(n) ________ is a walled-off area of infected tissue that exhibits chronic inflammation.

Hypothalamus

The ________ is the part of the body responsible for regulating body temperature.

Erythema

Heat and redness, or ________, occur when the small blood vessels in an inflamed area dilate (open up), bringing more blood much closer to the surface of the skin.

Physical barrier: tightly joined cells to prevent invaders from crossing through to deeper tissue ex endothelial cells that line blood vessels

Mechanical defense: physically remove pathogens from the body, "flushing out" ex tears urine

Differentiate a physical barrier from a mechanical removal mechanism and give an example of each.

Open wound; digestive tract is a portal of entry

Identify some ways that pathogens can breach the physical barriers of the innate immune system.

Classic: iniae by specific antibody mud first bind to the pathogen to form an antibody-antigen complex

Alternative: initiated by spontaneous activation of complement protein C3

Lectin: insisted by the binding of mannose binding lectin to carbohydrates on the microbial surface

Differentiate the main activation methods of the classic, alternative, and lectin complement cascades.

Opsonization, inflammation chemotwxis abd cytolysis

What are the four protective outcomes of complement activation?

Plasma: the fluid portion of blood

Formed elements of blood: deprived form pluripotent hematopoietic stem of cells in bone marrow

Explain the difference between plasma and the formed elements of the blood.

Degranulation; neutrophil extracellular traps(NETs); formation of leukocytes/cellular debris (pus)

List three ways that a neutrophil can destroy an infectious bacterium.

Extravasation or diapedesis then they reach cellular jenction and bind to more adhesion molecules then go into Transendotheial migration; "rolling adhesion" allows leukocytes to exit the bloodstream and enter the infected areas & begin phagocytosing

Briefly summarize the events leading up to and including the process of transendothelial migration.

Exogenous pyrogens(LPS)->leukocytes

Endogenous pyrogens->PGE2->hypothalamus->fever

Differentiate exogenous and endogenous pyrogens, and provide an example of each.

It can help kill off infected human cells

Neutrophils can sometimes kill human cells along with pathogens when they release the toxic contents of their granules into the surrounding tissue. Likewise, natural killer cells target human cells for destruction. Explain why it is advantageous for the immune system to have cells that can kill human cells as well as pathogens.