Elizabeth I (Religious Settlement) - Tudors

History

Religious Settlement - Elizabeth I:

• She wanted to establish a settlement of religion which would heal divisions between Catholics and Protestants and maximise her own control over the church, rather than creating something which necessarily reflected her personal theology. - Within a month of becoming Queen, she forbade priests in the Royal Chapel to elevate the host.

• She was furious when the Dean if St Paul's Cathedral presented her with a prayer book containing illustrations of saints.

• Elizabeth liked some traditional teachings: She supported the view that priests should not marry.

• The Settlement took shape in 1558-1559 and its essential parts were in place within 6 months of the accession.

• The first attempt to introduce bills into Parliament was stopped by the opposition of Catholic bishops and noblemen in the House of Lords, who formed a solid catholic voting block. They objected to legislation bringing back the 1552 Prayer Book and the prospect of a female head of the church.

What was Elizabeth I's goal for the Religious Settlement?

To heal divisions between Catholics and Protestants and maximize her control over the church.

What action did Elizabeth I take regarding the Royal Chapel shortly after becoming Queen?

She forbade priests in the Royal Chapel to elevate the host.

How did Elizabeth I react to the prayer book presented by the Dean of St Paul's Cathedral?

She was furious because it contained illustrations of saints.

What traditional teaching did Elizabeth I support regarding priests?

She supported the view that priests should not marry.

When did the essential parts of Elizabeth I's Religious Settlement take shape?

In 1558-1559, with essential parts in place within 6 months of her accession.

What was the reason for the opposition to the first attempt to introduce bills into Parliament for the Religious Settlement?

Opposition from Catholic bishops and noblemen in the House of Lords who formed a solid Catholic voting block.

What specific legislation did the Catholic bishops object to during the introduction of bills into Parliament?

They objected to legislation bringing back the 1552 Prayer Book and the prospect of a female head of the church.

Religious settlement - Elizabeth I:

• England was still at war with France and unable to rely on support from Spain.

• London demonstrated massive Protestant support while the north remained deeply conservative.

• Scotland was still allied to Catholic France.

• Any alteration of religion in England was bound to have an impact on England's international relationships.

Elizabeth was helped in getting a settlement because of two events around Easter 1559:

1. The Peace of Cateau - Cambresis between Spain and France which ended English military action against France.

2. The government sponsored debate between Catholics and Protestants clergy at which some of the catholics suggests treason leading to their arrests.

What was the state of England's international relationships during the religious settlement?

England was still at war with France and unable to rely on support from Spain.

What was the level of Protestant support in London compared to the north during the religious settlement?

London demonstrated massive Protestant support while the north remained deeply conservative.

Which country was Scotland allied with during the religious settlement?

Scotland was still allied to Catholic France.

What impact did alterations of religion in England have?

Any alteration of religion in England was bound to have an impact on England's international relationships.

What was the Peace of Cateau-Cambresis?

It was an agreement between Spain and France that ended English military action against France.

What significant event occurred around Easter 1559 involving Catholic and Protestant clergy?

A government-sponsored debate where some Catholics suggested treason, leading to their arrests.

1559 Parliament

1559 - Parliament reassembled; many made concessions to her title and the wording of the prayer book. The imprisonment of the two bishops gave her a majority of one vote which allowed her to pass legislation.

Little changed about the national organisation of the church.

England would continue to have two archbishops as it had done during Catholic times and bishops would remain.

What significant event occurred in 1559 regarding Parliament?

Parliament reassembled, and many made concessions to her title and the wording of the prayer book.

How did the imprisonment of two bishops affect the legislation in 1559?

It gave her a majority of one vote, allowing her to pass legislation.

What remained unchanged about the national organization of the church in 1559?

England continued to have two archbishops and bishops, as it had during Catholic times.

1559 Act of Supremacy

1559 Act of Supremacy:

• Reestablished the English monarchy as head of the church although she chose to be titled Supreme Governor.

• Her status was the same as Henry VIII but by choosing a less controversial title, she was able to satisfy those who regarded the Pope as head and did not want a woman as head.

• Required all churchmen to swear an oath of loyalty to their new Supreme Governor.

What did the 1559 Act of Supremacy reestablish?

The English monarchy as head of the church.

What title did Elizabeth I choose in the 1559 Act of Supremacy?

Supreme Governor.

How did Elizabeth I's title in the 1559 Act of Supremacy differ from Henry VIII's?

She chose a less controversial title to satisfy those who regarded the Pope as head.

What was required of all churchmen under the 1559 Act of Supremacy?

To swear an oath of loyalty to their new Supreme Governor.

Act of Uniformity 1559

Act of Uniformity 1559:

• Set out rules about the appearance of churches. Any practices which had existed in 1549 should still be followed. Although, the altar was replaced by the Protestant communion table, catholic artefacts could be placed on it.

• Attendance at church was made compulsory. Attendance at Catholic mass was treated as a serious offence. Anyone saying mass could face the death penalty.

What did the Act of Uniformity 1559 set out rules about?

The appearance of churches.

What practices were to be followed according to the Act of Uniformity 1559?

Any practices which had existed in 1549.

What replaced the altar in the Act of Uniformity 1559?

The Protestant communion table.

What was the status of attendance at church according to the Act of Uniformity 1559?

Attendance at church was made compulsory.

What was the consequence of attending Catholic mass under the Act of Uniformity 1559?

It was treated as a serious offence.

What penalty could someone face for saying mass under the Act of Uniformity 1559?

The death penalty.

Royal injunctions of 1559:

Royal injunctions of 1559:

There were 57 institutions, including rules that:

• Every church had to display a Bible written in English.

• Pilgrimages were to be outlawed.

• No more altars were to be destroyed.

How many institutions were included in the Royal injunctions of 1559?

57

What was required of every church according to the Royal injunctions of 1559?

Every church had to display a Bible written in English.

What practice was outlawed by the Royal injunctions of 1559?

Pilgrimages were to be outlawed.

What was stated about altars in the Royal injunctions of 1559?

No more altars were to be destroyed.

Prayer Book 1559:

Prayer Book 1559:

• Ended the quarrels between Protestants and Catholics. It set out the way that services should be conducted.

• It was a fusion of the two Prayer Books issued in Edward's reign. It amalgamated the moderate language of the 1549 book with the more openly Portent words in the 1552 book. It struck a balance regarding the meaning of the bread and wine as a moment and nothing more.

What was the significance of the Prayer Book 1559?

It ended the quarrels between Protestants and Catholics and set out the way that services should be conducted.

What two Prayer Books were fused to create the Prayer Book 1559?

It was a fusion of the two Prayer Books issued in Edward's reign: the 1549 book and the 1552 book.

How did the Prayer Book 1559 balance the language of the previous Prayer Books?

It amalgamated the moderate language of the 1549 book with the more openly Protestant words in the 1552 book.

What was the Prayer Book 1559's stance on the meaning of the bread and wine?

It struck a balance regarding the meaning of the bread and wine as a moment and nothing more.

39 Articles of Religion 1563:

39 Articles of Religion 1563:

• Welded together parts of the different Protestant and Catholic traditions into a whole that was acceptable to as many people as possible.

What are the 39 Articles of Religion?

A set of doctrinal statements that outline the beliefs of the Church of England.

In what year were the 39 Articles of Religion established?

1563

What was the purpose of the 39 Articles of Religion?

To weld together parts of the different Protestant and Catholic traditions into a whole that was acceptable to as many people as possible.

Clergy under Elizabeth I:

Virtually all the catholic bishops appointed by Mary refused and were dismissed but this gave Elizabeth the opportunity to make new appointments which created a leadership within the church that was enthusiastic about her reforms.

What happened to the Catholic bishops appointed by Mary under Elizabeth?

Virtually all the Catholic bishops appointed by Mary refused and were dismissed.

What opportunity did Elizabeth have after dismissing the Catholic bishops?

Elizabeth had the opportunity to make new appointments.

What was the attitude of the new church leadership appointed by Elizabeth?

The new leadership within the church was enthusiastic about her reforms.

Act of Exchange 1559:

• Localised opposition was evident as some ministers ignored the new Book of Common Prayer and stuck to the traditional catholic form of worship.

Act of Exchange 1559:

• Took taxes that were traditionally paid to Rome into her own coffers, repealing Mary's reinstatement of such taxation.

• She was allowed to take over property belonging to bishops. In practice, it was used more as a threat to keep bishops in line.

What was the Act of Exchange 1559?

It allowed the Queen to take over property belonging to bishops.

What did the Act of Exchange 1559 do to taxes traditionally paid to Rome?

It took those taxes into the Queen's own coffers, repealing Mary's reinstatement of such taxation.

What was a localized response to the Act of Exchange 1559?

Some ministers ignored the new Book of Common Prayer and continued using the traditional Catholic form of worship.

Religious Settlement - Foreign Policy ( France )

France was becoming involved in a Civil war and Philip and the Pope did not see Elizabeth's changes a permanent and hoped she could be persuaded to return to Catholicism.

France 1562 - French state entered into civil war. Catholic families fought against the Huguenot (Protestant) families. Even though a weakened France was useful, the power went to Catholic Spain. Elizabeth decided to support the Protestants. The hope was that they might receive Calais in response to the help.

1562; The Treaty of Hampton Court - English's promised loans and military aid to the Huguenots.

1562 - English troops captured Le Havre. Focus changed from helping the Huguenots towards getting Calais. The Huguenots were disillusioned with this, they reached a temporary truce with the Catholics and planned to oust the English from Le Havre.

1563 - Le Havre was surrounded

1564; Peace of Troyes - Signed between the English and French governments.

Elizabeth came to realise that ill defined campaigns were unlikely to succeed, even if being fought in the name of religion.

Religious settlement - Foreign Policy (Netherlands)

Netherlands - Philip ruled the Netherlands which was a vital country for English trade.

1563 - Philip banned the import of English cloth to the Netherlands.

Elizabeth responded by banning all imports from the Netherlands but both sides back down and normalised trade relations in 1564. She wanted to contain Spain without overextending limited resources.

Religious settlement - Foreign Policy (Scotland)

1559 - Philip offered to marry Elizabeth in an attempt to keep England catholic.

1559 - Mary Queen of Scots and Francis II became King and Queen which solidified the French-Scottish alliance and threatened Elizabeth. In the absence of an heir, Mary was the rightful heir assuming Henry VIII's last will was ignored.

Scotland - Protestants rebelled against French Catholic regent Mary of Guise. William Cecil persuaded Elizabeth to send in secret, limited arms and money.