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Brain Stem
Connection to spinal cord. Filters information flow between peripheral nervous system and the rest of the brain.
Medulla
the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing
fMRI
A technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans.
EEG
An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
Plasticity
the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience
Wernicke's area
controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe
Broca's area
Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.
prefrontal cortex
part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, and language
motor cortex
an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements
somatosensory cortex
area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations
frontal lobes
the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments
parietal lobes
portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position
association areas
areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking
reticular activating system
Located in the upper brain stem; responsible for maintenance of consciousness, specifically one's level of arousal.
Hippocampus
A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.
Pituitary Gland
The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
Hypothalamus
A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.
Thalamus
the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
Limbic System
neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives
Cerebral Cortex
The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center.
Cerebellum
the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance
Amygdala
A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression.
temporal lobes
portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear
Corpus callosum
the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them
Occipital lobes
regions of the cerebral cortex - at the back of the brain - important for vision