BYU AP psychology Part 1 Finals Study Guide.

According to Erikson, achieving a sense of identity is the special task of the

adolescent.

For purposes of effective child-rearing, most psychologists favor the use of ____ over _____

reinforcement; punishment.

The social roles assigned to women and men

differ markedly across cultures.

Kathleen developed an intense fear of flying 5 years ago when she as in a plane crash. The fact that she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone

extinction.

the minimum amount of stimulation a person needs to detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time is called the

difference threshold.

Peterson and Peterson demonstrated that unrehearsed short-term memories for three consonants almost completely decay in as short a time as

12 seconds.

Social learning theorists emphasize that

observation and imitation play a crucial role in the gender-typing process.

In a psychological experiment, the factor that is manipulated by the investigator is called the

independent variable.

According to the opponent-process theory, cells that are stimulated by exposure to ___ light are inhibited by exposure to ____ light.

Green; red.

Receptor cells for our sense of ___ reproduce themselves every week or two.

Taste.

The surgical removal of a large tumor from Allen's occipital lobe resulted in extensive loss of brain tissue. Allen is most likely to suffer some loss of

muscular coordination.

According to Kohlberg, morality based on the avoidance of punishment and the attainment of concrete rewards represents a(n) ___ morality.

preconventional

Cindy understands her world primarily by grasping and sucking easily available objects. Cindy is clearly in Piaget's _____ stage.

Sensorimotor

According to Freud, the latent content of a dream refers to

its underlying but censored meaning.

Which of the following methods is most helpful for revealing cause-effect relationships?

The experiment.

Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ____ is to _____

positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer.

Heartbeat acceleration is to heartbeat deceleration as the _____ nervous system is to the _____ nervous system

sympathetic; parasympathetic

the "psychic secretions" that interfered with Pavlov's experiments on digestion were

conditioned responses.

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of

observable behavior

Circadian rhythm refers to

a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on roughly 24-hour cycle.

Endorphins are

neurotransmitters.

Instead of happily exploring the attractive toys located in the pediatrician's waiting room, little Sandra tenaciously clings to her mother's skirt. Sandra most clearly shows sign of

Insecure attachment.

Piaget is best known for his interest in the process of _____ development.

cognitive

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli is called _____ memory.

iconic

Colie and Miller's analysis of animal research published during a 5 year period in American psychological Association Journals revealed that psychologists

did none of these (shocked animals with extremely painful shocks that caused them to die, allowed animals to die slowly from hunger and thirst, placed animals in isolation chambers until they were driven insane.)

The mean of a skewed distribution of scores is always

Larger or smaller than the median.

The day after Jean was introduced to thirteen people at a business luncheon, she could recall the names of only the first four people to whom she had been introduced. Her effective recall of these particular names best illustrates the benefits of

the serial position effect.

Fluid intelligence refers most directly to a person's

ability to reason speedily and abstractly.

A response is learned most rapidly and is most resistant to extinction if it is acquired under conditions of _____ reinforcement followed _____ reinforcement.

continuous, partial

EEG is to CT scan as

amplified recording of brain waves is to X-Ray photography.

One plausible theory suggests that hypnosis relieves pain by

distracting attention.

The double bind procedure is most helpful for minimizing

The placebo effect.

An extensive survey revealed that children with relatively high self-esteem tend to picture God as kind and loving, whereas those with lower self-esteem tend to perceive God as angry. The researchers concluded that the children's self-esteem had apparently influenced their views of God. This conclusion best illustrates the danger of

assuming that correlation proves causation.

In Pavlov's Experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the UCS was

the presentation of food in the dog's mouth.

Auditory stimulation is first process in the _____ lobes

temporal

Your sensitivity to taste will decline if you

do any of these: smoke heavily, consume large amounts of alcohol, grow older.

You would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to

retrieve sticks and balls.

In order to assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike at her college, Susan sent a questionnaire to every fifteenth person in the college registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students. Susan employed the technique of

Random Sampling.

In order to study the effects of loud noise on worker productivity, Dr. Murphy had one group of research participants work in a noisy room and a second group in a queit room. Those who rworked in the quit room were exposed to the _____ condition.

control.

Which lobes of the brain receive the input that enables you to feel someone scratching your back?

parietal.

Migdalia, age 6, dresses up in her mother's clothes and plays school because she wants to be "just like mom," who is a highschool chemistry teacher. This best illustrates the process of

Gender-typing.

Difference thresholds are smaller for the _____ than for the _____.

brightness of lights; pitch of sounds.

An impaired theory of mind is most clearly associated with

autism.

Five-year old Tim is emotionally disturbed and has refused to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher has used the method of

shaping.

The speed at which a neural impulse travels is increased when the axon is encased by an

Myelin sheath.

John B Watson considered himself to be a

behaviorist.

Piaget was convinced that the mind of a child

assimilates reality differently than an adult's does.

The process encoding refers to

getting information into memory

Although a few keys on the piano were broken, Shana couldn't prevent herself from mentally filling in the missing notes of the familiar melodies. This best illustrates the principle of

closure

The discomfort and distress that follow the discontinued use of certain drugs is called

withdrawl.

The organizational principles identified by Gestalt psychologist best illustrates the importance of

top-down processing.

A laboratory cat could be made to twitch its whiskers by direct stimulation of the _____ lobes of its cerebral cortex.

Frontal

Accommodation refers to the

process by which the lens changes shape in order to focus images on the retina.

The median of a distribution of scores is the

Score exceeded by 50 percent of all the scores.

A brain tumor caused by extensive damage to Mr. Throndlike's hypothalamus. It is most likely that he may suffer a loss of

Sexual motivation.

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the central and the _____ nervous system.

peripheral

A researcher who administers a personality test to the same children every 3 years as they progress through school is conducting a _____ study.

longitudinal

When most people stare first a blue circle and the shift their eyes to a white surface, the afterimage of the circle appears

Yellow.

Because Mr. Baron demonstrates appreciation only for classroom performance that is flawless, his students have become poor and unmotivated learners. Mr. Barson most clearly needs to be informed of the value of

Shaping.

Studies of monkeys raised with artificial mothers suggest that mother-infant emotional bonds result primarily from mothers providing infants with

body contact.

In large doses alcohol is a ____ ; in small amounts, it is a _____.

depressant; stimulant.

A slap on the back is more painful than a pat on the back because a slap triggers

more frequent neural impulses.

During a hearing tests, many sounds were presented at such a low level of intensity that Mr. Antall could hardly ever detect them. These sound were below Mr. antall's

Absolute Threshold.

A mnemonic device is a

memory aid.

Which of the following is an unconditioned response?

Sweating in hot weather.

In a recent car accident, Tamkio sustained damage to his right cerebral hemisphere. This injury is most likely to reduce Tamiko's ability to

facially express emotions.

Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because

so many different species of animals including humans classically conditioned.

During which of Piaget's stages does a person develop an awareness that things continue to exist even when they are not perceived?

Sensorimotor.

An aversive consequence that decreases the recurrence of the behavior that precedes it is a

punishment.

Maturation is to education as ____ is to ______.

nature; nurture

The survival of organisms best sutied to a particular enviornment is known as

natural selection.

Maturation refers to

biological growth process that is relatively uninfluenced by experience.

According to the Young-Helmholtz theory, when both red and green sensitive cones are stimulated simultaneously, a person should see

Yellow.

When teased by his older sister, 9 year old Walding does not cry because he has learned that boys are not supposed to. Walding's behavior best illuestrates the importance of

Gender Roles.

The best way to detect enlarged fluid-filled brain regions in some patients who have schizophrenia is to use a

MRI.

Jeff mistakenly assumes that everybody around him enjoys listening to country music just as much as he does. Jeff best illustrates

the false consensus effect.

REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because

our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move.

The perceptual tendency to fill in gaps in order to perceive disconnected parts a whole object is called.

closure

The visual cliff is a laboratory device for testing ____ in infants.

depth perception

Frank, a stock broker, runs 2 miles everyday after work because it reduces his level of stress. Frank's running habit is maintained by a ___ reinforcer.

negative.

Holding two index fingers infront of the eyes can create the perception of a floating finger sausage. This best illustrates the effect of

retinal display.

One day after Usha hears her mother's list of 12 grocery items, Usha is most likely to remember the items ____ of the list.

at the beginning.

According to Piaget, the ability to think logically about visible and tangible events first develops during the ___ stage.

concrete operational.

In the control condition of an experiment the

experimental treatment is absent.

You come home one night to find a burglar in your house. Your heart starts racing and you being to perspire. These physical reactions are triggered by the

sympathetic nervous system.

Which process allows more light to reach the periphery of the retina?

Dilation of the pupils

The phil phenomenon refers to

the perception of movement created by successive blinking of adjacent lights.

The cochlea is a

fluid-filled tube in which sound waves trigger nerve impulses.

While under hypnosis, Charlotte describes her experience of being kidnapped at age 5. In suggesting that she will soon forget this traumatic event, the hypnotist is encouraging Charlottle to experience.

Posthypnotic amnesia.

The vibrations of the eardrum are amplified by three tiny bones located in the

middle ear.

Mary believes that cognitive development is a matter of gradual and almost imperceptible changes over time. Her viewpoint is most directly relevant to the issue of

continuity or stages.

Which of the following events is the most probable?

flipping 6 or more heads in 10 coin flips.

Jennifer can tune her guitar more effectively than Maria, because Jennifer is better at detecting whether specific strings are playing too sharp or too flat. With respect to tone sensitivity, Maria apparently has a ___ threshold than does jennifer.

Higher difference.

the blink spot is located in the area of the retina

where the optic nerve leaves the eye.

The conscious repetition of information in order to maintain it in memory is called

rehearsal.

An action potential is generated by the movement of

ions

Compared with males, females are more likely to base their sense of personal identity on their

social relationships.

Retinal disparity refers to the

somewhat different images our two eyes receive of the same object.

The knee-Jerk reflex is controlled by the interneurons in the

spinal cord.

According to piaget, children come to understand that volume of a substance remains constant despite changes in its shape during the

concrete operational stage.