VETMED

Infective Myopathies

Inflammatory myopathies caused by infectious agents.

Virus-associated Myositis

Myositis linked to viral infections in horses.

Sarcocystis Myositis

Myositis caused by Sarcocystis fayeri protozoan.

Anaplasma-associated Rhabdomyolysis

Muscle breakdown due to Anaplasma phagocytophilum.

Clostridial Myositis

Myositis caused by Clostridium bacteria.

Muscle Abscesses

Localized infections leading to pus formation in muscles.

Equine Influenza 2

Virus causing respiratory illness and potential myositis.

Equine Infectious Anemia Virus

Virus causing anemia and muscle dysfunction in horses.

Equine Herpesvirus 1

Virus causing respiratory illness and muscle stiffness.

Cytokines

Proteins that mediate immune responses in infections.

Rhabdomyolysis

Muscle breakdown resulting in myoglobin release.

Myoglobinuria

Presence of myoglobin in urine, indicating muscle damage.

Electromyography

Test assessing muscle activation and fatigue.

PCR Assay

Molecular test amplifying viral DNA or RNA.

Sarcocystis fayeri

Protozoan causing chronic myositis in horses.

Muscle Biopsy

Procedure to analyze muscle tissue for disease.

Anaplasmosis

Acute illness caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum.

Neutropenia

Low neutrophil count indicating immune response issues.

Thrombocytopenia

Low platelet count affecting blood clotting.

Creatine Kinase (CK)

Enzyme indicating muscle damage when elevated.

Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)

Enzyme indicating liver or muscle damage when elevated.

Fecalysis

Examination of feces for diagnostic purposes.

NSAIDs

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for pain relief.

Trimethoprim Sulfa

Antibiotic combination used for treating infections.

Pyrimethamine

Antiprotozoal medication used in treatment.

Ponazuril

Medication used for treating protozoan infections.

Heavy Chain Myopathy

Condition linked to MYH1 mutation affecting muscle function.

Cyst Formation

Development of cysts in muscle tissue due to infection.

Merozoites

Infective form of protozoan released from schizonts.

Cytoplasmic Inclusion Bodies

Characteristic structures in neutrophils confirming diagnosis.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Optimal test for detecting Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum

Bacteria causing equine granulocytic anaplasmosis.

Oxytetracycline Treatment

7-10 mg/kg IV every 24 hours for 7-10 days.

Gas Gangrene

Rare condition following severe puncture wounds or fractures.

Toxins and Enzymes

Substances produced by bacteria causing tissue damage.

Collagenases

Enzymes that degrade collagen, damaging cell membranes.

Hyaluronidase

Enzyme that breaks down hyaluronic acid in tissues.

Clinical Findings

Symptoms include pain, swelling, and skin discoloration.

Systemic Symptoms

Signs resembling sepsis due to clostridial exotoxin.

Hematologic Analyses

Tests identifying debilitation and toxemia in patients.

Serum CK and AST Levels

Moderately elevated in clostridial myonecrosis cases.

Ultrasonography

Imaging technique showing fluid and gas pockets.

Anaerobic Bacterial Cultures

Cultures performed on fresh samples for diagnosis.

Surgical Debridement

Removal of necrotic tissue in infected areas.

Potassium Penicillin

30,000-60,000 U/kg IV every 2-4 hours.

Metronidazole

20-25 mg/kg PO every 6 hours for 20 days.

Skeletal Muscle Abscesses

Abscesses formed from penetrating injuries or infections.

Staphylococcus aureus

Common bacterium causing muscle abscesses in horses.

Ultrasonographic Assessment

Effective for diagnosing superficial abscess locations.

Synergistic Hemolysin Inhibition Test

Detects antibodies for identifying internal abscesses.

Antimicrobial Therapy

Treatment involving antibiotics for infection control.

Vaccination

Prevents infectious diseases leading to myopathy.

Hygiene and Biosecurity

Practices to reduce infection risk in horses.

Quarantine New Horses

Isolating new horses to prevent disease spread.

Monitor Health

Regular checks for illness signs in horses.

Environmental Management

Reducing exposure to disease vectors like mosquitoes.

Nutritional Myopathy

Degenerative muscle disorder from selenium/vitamin E deficiency.

White Muscle Disease

Another name for nutritional myopathy in horses.

Selenium

Essential nutrient for muscle cell protection.

Vitamin E

Antioxidant preventing oxidative damage in muscles.

Oxidative Stress

Cellular damage from free radicals accumulation.

Skeletal Muscles

Muscles primarily affected by nutritional myopathy.

Cardiac Muscles

Heart muscles that can degenerate due to deficiencies.

Clinical Signs

Symptoms indicating nutritional myopathy in horses.

Stiffness

Common symptom of nutritional myopathy in horses.

Muscle Weakness

Reduced muscle strength seen in affected horses.

Glutathione Peroxidase

Selenium-dependent enzyme indicating selenium status.

Vitamin E-Responsive Myopathy

Condition linked to vitamin E deficiency in horses.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction

Impaired energy production linked to vitamin E deficiency.

Acute Cases

Present with symptoms lasting 2 days to 3 weeks.

Chronic Cases

Symptoms persist for 2 months or longer.

Dietary Supplementation

Treatment method to improve nutrient deficiencies.

Selenium Toxicity

Excess selenium can cause harmful effects.

Electrocardiograms (ECG)

Used to assess cardiac abnormalities in myopathy.

Echocardiography

Imaging technique to evaluate heart muscle damage.

Forage Testing

Regular analysis of feed for selenium content.

Veterinary Checks

Routine health assessments to monitor nutrient levels.

Stress Management

Minimizing stress to prevent worsening of conditions.

Selenium Injections

Preventive measure for at-risk horse populations.

Nutritional Myodegeneration

Another term for nutritional myopathy in horses.

Dyspnea

Difficulty in breathing, a clinical sign of myopathy.

Dysphagia

Difficulty swallowing, often seen in affected horses.

Vitamin E-Responsive Myopathy

Muscle disorder linked to vitamin E deficiency.

Alpha-Tocopherol

Most active form of vitamin E in blood.

Mitochondrial Damage

Cellular damage detectable via special staining.

Sacrocaudalis Dorsalis Medialis

Muscle biopsy site for myopathy diagnosis.

Clinical Improvement

Positive response to vitamin E supplementation.

Box Elder Tree

Plant containing hypoglycin A, causing myopathy.

Hypoglycin A

Toxin disrupting fatty acid metabolism in horses.

Atypical Myopathy

Severe muscle damage from hypoglycin A ingestion.

Tremetone

Toxic compound causing muscle necrosis in horses.

White Snakeroot

Plant containing tremetone, harmful to horses.

Rayless Goldenrod

Plant with tremetone, causing muscle damage.

Coffee Senna

Plant associated with muscle necrosis and death.

Serum Muscle Enzymes

Elevated levels indicate muscle damage.

CK and AST

Enzymes measured for muscle injury diagnosis.

Electrolyte Imbalances

Abnormal levels affecting muscle function.

Supportive Care

Treatment approach for muscle toxin exposure.

IV Fluids

Administered to manage dehydration and electrolytes.

Postmortem Examination

Analysis revealing muscle degeneration after death.