Biology and Behavior

Psych Test 1 Study Guide

Neuron

The cell type that makes up the nervous system and is responsible for communication.

Axon

The major extension of the cell body that passes messages away from the soma.

Dendrites

Extensions from the cell body that receive signals from nearby neurons.

Myelin Sheath

The covering that insulates the axon and increases the speed of transmission of neural impulses.

Neurotransmitter

Chemicals that cross the synaptic gap between neurons to send the message along.

Sensory Neuron

Transmits sensory signals to the Central Nervous System.

Motor Neuron

Transmits motor signals from the Central Nervous System to muscles.

Interneuron

Neurons that make up the brain and spinal cord and are used to control reflexes.

Multiple Sclerosis

A disorder where the myelin sheaths of neurons are destroyed, leading to memory loss, motor issues, and loss of sensation.

Hypothalamus

The master regulator of thirst, hunger, body temperature, and sexual behavior; contains the reward center.

Hippocampus

Part of the limbic system involved in verbal learning and forming new memories.

Reticular Formation

Part of the midbrain important for sleep and arousal (damage linked to coma).

Frontal Lobe

The lobe responsible for cognitive thinking, personality, and Broca's area (producing speech).

Broca’s Area

The area in the frontal lobe essential for producing speech.

Wernicke’s Area

The area in the temporal lobe essential for understanding speech.

Sympathetic Nervous System

The division of the ANS that is arousing and prepares the body for fight or flight.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

The division of the ANS that is calming and associated with normal functioning under relaxed conditions.

Adrenal Glands

Glands that secrete hormones (Epinephrine/Norepinephrine) involved in the stress response (fight or flight).

Endorphins

neurotransmitters that provide good feelings and have painkilling effects; released in response to pain and exercise (runner's high).

Dopamine

neurotransmitter that influences movement; low levels are linked to Parkinson's disease.

Serotonin

neurotransmitter that affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal; low levels are linked to depression.

GABA(gamma-aminobutyric acid)

A major inhibitory neurotransmitter; too much causes you to stop breathing (e.g., alcohol overdose).

ACh (Acetylcholine)