PHYSIO: Venipuncture Sites & Restraining

-Jugular vein

-Cranial Vena Cava

-Heart

-Auricular Vein

Common Venipuncture site for PIGS:

-Hematoma (Thrombus)
-Syncope

Potential adverse effects

Pyrexia

local or systemic infections, septic shock

-Hog Snare
-Snubbing Rope
-Casting Rope
-Leg Hobbles
-Piglet Restraint
-V trough

Restraining of PIGS

Venipuncture

Is the process of obtaining a blood sample or administering medications through a vein using a needle or syringe.

-Jugular vein
-Coccygeal vein
-Mammary vein

Venipuncture of LARGE RUMINANT:

Jugular Vein

Most commonly used site in Large Ruminants because of its size, accesibility and blood flow

Coccygeal (tail) vein

Commonly used for small blood collection and intravenous because of its accessibility, minimal restraint and safer

Mammary vein

Rarely used due to risk of bleeding, found along the udder

Crashes
Nose Rings
Hobbling

Restraining Large Ruminants (Machine & Equipment)

Casting
Head restraint
Tail Restraint

Restraining Large Ruminants ( Manual)

Caudal Vein
Dorsal Aorta
Cardiac Puncture

Fish venipuncture sites:

Caudal Vein

Located ventral to the vertebral column, accessible from

the ventral or lateral side of the tail.

Dorsal Aorta

located through the mouth at the midline of the gill

arches until bone contact.

Cardiac Puncture

located at the ventral midline into the heart. ( this

procedure may be lethal to small fish)

Knotless nets
Wet towel

Restraining of Fish

Jugular vein
Basilic vein

Cardiac Venipuncture
Medial Metatarsal vein

Venipuncture Sites of AVIAN

Basilic Vein

Also called the “ulnar vein” or “wing vein”.

A particularly useful site in larger bird species like raptors or in species that lack a featherless tract over the jugular vein such as pigeons and waterfowl.

It lies over the medial aspect of the humeralradioulnar joint (elbow) and is visible under the skin,

Cardiac Venipuncture

Not considered as acceptable.

Not only is there increased potential for fatal hemorrhage, extreme patient stress, and death, but the technique does not lie within the normal standards of care.

This technique might be best reserved for samples collected just before euthanasia.

Ideally, the patient should be anesthetized for cardiac blood collection.

Medial Metatarsal vein

site for blood collection that most commonly used in waterfowl

Hematoma

are less common in the medial metatarsal area due to limited space for blood to accumulate and relatively small size of the blood vessels there.

Small, Large, Thick Towels

Restraining of Avian:

Jugular vein
Cephalic vein
Femoral vein

Venipuncture sites of SMALL RUMINANT:

Cephalic vein

Location: Found on the front limb, running along the cranial forearm.

Usage: Useful for smaller blood samples or IV catheter placement.

Femoral vein

Location: On the medial aspect of the hind limb, running along the inner thigh.

Usage: Suitable for blood collection when jugular access is not possible.

Manual Restraining
Cradle method
Halter restraint
Restraint cuffs
Mechanical restraint

Restraining for SHEEP:

Manual restraining

The sheep is restrained by holding the neck or chin while applying pressure behind the rump. This method is ideal for quick procedures like physical examinations or administering vaccines. It requires a calm approach to avoid stressing the animal

Cradle Method

The sheep is tipped onto its rump with its back resting against the handler’s legs. This

method is commonly used for hoof trimming, shearing, and minor treatments, as it keeps the sheep calm and immobile

Halter Restraint

A rope halter is placed around the sheep’s head and muzzle to provide control during standing procedures. The halter helps the handler lead or tie the sheep for grooming or medical treatments

Restraint cuffs

The sheep's legs are gently held or tied to restrict movement during hoof trimming or minor surgeries. This method must be applied carefully to prevent injury

Mechanical Restraint

Sheeps are secured in chutes, trimming stands, or sheep chairs to perform tasks like tagging, deworming, or weighing. This method is effective for large flocks and reduces the risk of injury

-Jugular vein

- Cephalic Vein

-MEDIAL SAPHENOUS VEIN

- Femoral Vein

Venipuncture Sites in FELINE (Cats)

Jugular Vein

This vein runs along the neck and is a common site for blood draws in cats.

Cephalic Vein

Located on the front legs, this vein is another option for venipuncture.

Medial saphenous vein

This vein is found on the inner hind leg and is also used for blood collection.

Femoral vein

Lies within the “femoral triangle” in the inguinal-femoral region. (Inner thigh area)

- Scruffing

- RING GRIP

- Towel wraps

- Muzzles

Restraining methods for FELINE

Jugular vein
Cephalic vein
Transverse facial vein/ sinus
Superficial/ Lateral thoracic vein

Venipuncture site in EQUINE:

Jugular vein

the right and left external jugular veins are large paired superficial veins located in the jugular groove of the cervical neck. The cleidomastoideus muscle is located dorsal to the veiN and the sternocephalicus muscle is located ventrally. Avoid venipuncture on the lower third of the neck.

Cephalic Vein

iT IS a superFIlCIAL Vessel that courses medially in the proximal thoracic limb. It is located in a small furrow on the medial radius

Transverse facial vein/ sinus

LOcated on the ventral (lower) aspect of the face, typically running from the lower jaw, along the cheek, and near the angle of the mandible (jawbone).

Superficial/Lateral Thoracic vein

Also called the “spur vein”, this is located on the ventrolateral thorax, just caudal to the elbow. It courses horizontally toward the olecranon along the dorsal border of the deep pectoral muscles

Crush
Lifting a leg
Neck twitching
Ear twitching
Nose/lip twitching

Restraining in EQUINE:

Crush

are small enclosures made of metal bars or wooden planks, with gates at the front and back that are used to restrict a horse's movements.

Lifting a leg

horses carry two-thirds of their weight on their front legs, so lifting a forelimb means that the horse has to focus on standing evenly on its other three legs

Neck twitching

Grab a fold of the horse's skin at the base of its neck and twist

Ear twitching

Grab the horse's ear at its base, squeeze and twist

Nose/lip twitching

There are different types of nose twitches, including wood with rope. Grasp the horse's muzzle with your fingers through the loop. Place the loop over the horse's nose and then twist the stick. The loop can be tightened or loosened as required