chapter 2 anatomy and physiology

Element

simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properts

Atomic Number

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines an element's identity.

Atomic Mass

The weighted average mass of an element's isotopes, measured in atomic mass units (amu).

Minerals

Inorganic elements that are essential for various physiological functions.

Electrolytes

needed for nerve and muscle function are mineral salts

Valence electrons

in the outermost shell ; determine chemical bonding properties of an atom

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

α particle

2 protons + 2 neutrons; cannot penetrate skin (dangerous if inside the body)

β particle

free electron, penetrates skin a few millimeters

γ particle

penetrating ;very dangerous gamma rays (sun particles)

Ions

charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and eletrons

Anion

atom that gains electrons (negative charge CI-)

Cation

atom that looses an electron (positive charge NA+)

Molecules

chemical particles composed of two or more atoms

Compounds

molecules composed of two or more different elements

Ionic bonds

Chemical bonds formed between two oppositely charged ions due to electrostatic attraction.

Covalent bonds (Single vs Double)

Single bonds involve one pair of shared electrons, while double bonds involve two pairs of shared electrons.

Hydrogen bonds

a weak electrical attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom

Van der Waals forces

weak, brief attractions between neutral atoms

Hydrophilic

Substances that are attracted to water and can dissolve in it.

Hydrophobic

Substances that repel water and do not dissolve in it.

Acid

is a proton donor ( releases h+ ions in water ) below 7

Base

proton accepter (accepts H- ions in the water ) above 7

pH

a measure of how acidic or basic a liquid is

Protein

polymer of amino acids

Amino Acid

central carbon with three attachments (small things that make proteins)

Denaturation

break a protein

Monosaccharides

sugar molecules (glucose, galactose and fructose)

Disaccharides

Carbohydrates composed (sucrose, maltose and lactose)

ATP

high energy “powerhouse”

Madame Curie

first women to win Nobel prize discovered radioactivity

Ionic bonds vs Covalent bonds vs Hydrogen bonds vs Van der Waals forces

From strongest to weakest: Ionic bonds, Covalent bonds, Hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals forces.