Vocabulary from Lecture on Ancient Water Structures

A set of 56 question-and-answer flashcards covering key English vocabulary, their meanings, and contextual usage drawn from the lecture notes.

What does the adjective “Ancient” mean?

Very old, from the distant past; cổ đại, xưa (old, antique, historic).

What does the phrase “a range of functions” refer to?

A variety of roles or uses; một loạt các chức năng.

What is meant by “water collection”?

The act of gathering or harvesting water; việc thu gom nước.

In vocabulary terms, what is a “characteristic”?

A distinguishing feature or trait; đặc điểm, nét đặc trưng.

What does the verb “alter” mean?

To change or modify something; thay đổi, biến đổi.

What does the phrase “the course of a year” describe?

The full annual cycle or year-long process; quá trình trong một năm.

What is “shade”?

A shadowed, cooler area protected from direct sunlight; bóng râm, bóng mát.

What is a “serious climatic event”?

An extreme or major weather occurrence; sự kiện khí hậu nghiêm trọng.

Define the noun “millennium.”

A period of one thousand years; thiên niên kỷ.

What does the adjective “fundamental” mean?

Basic, essential, or foundational; cơ bản, nền tảng.

What is “fresh groundwater”?

Clean underground water suitable for use; nguồn nước ngầm sạch.

What does “dry season” refer to?

A time of little or no rainfall; mùa khô.

Define the noun “irrigation.”

Supplying land or crops with water; việc tưới tiêu.

What does “significance” mean?

Importance or value; tầm quan trọng.

What is an “invention”?

A novel creation or discovery; phát minh.

What does the phrasal verb “go beyond” mean?

To exceed or surpass; vượt ra ngoài.

What is a “utilitarian application”?

A practical, functional use; ứng dụng thực tế.

What does the adjective “complex” mean?

Complicated or intricate; phức tạp.

How is the adverb “widely” used?

To indicate something happens extensively or broadly; một cách rộng rãi.

Define the noun “relaxation.”

Rest or leisure that reduces stress; sự thư giãn.

What does the verb/noun “worship” signify?

The act of showing reverence or praise; thờ cúng, sự tôn thờ.

What are “desert areas”?

Arid regions with little rainfall; khu vực sa mạc.

What does the verb “survive” mean?

To continue to live or endure; sống sót.

Define the verb “comprise.”

To include or consist of; bao gồm.

What does the phrase “series of” indicate?

A sequence or chain of items or events; chuỗi, loạt.

What does the adjective/verb “descending” describe?

Moving or going downward; đi xuống, giảm dần.

If water “recedes,” what happens?

It retreats or moves back; rút xuống.

What does the verb “reach” mean in this context?

To arrive at or attain something; đạt tới, đến nơi.

What is meant by “negotiated” (past tense)?

Discussed to reach an agreement; được thương lượng, đàm phán.

Define the adjective “vast.”

Extremely large or immense; rộng lớn, mênh mông.

What does the adjective “elaborate” mean?

Detailed and intricate; tỉ mỉ, công phu, tinh vi.

What is a “pavilion”?

A small open structure or shelter; gian nhà nhỏ.

Define “shelter.”

Protection or a place of refuge; chỗ trú ẩn, che chở.

What is meant by “relentless heat”?

Unbearable, continuous high temperature; cái nóng khắc nghiệt, không ngừng.

What does “suffered” mean in past tense usage?

Endured or experienced hardship; bị chịu đựng.

Define the noun “drought.”

A prolonged period of water shortage; hạn hán.

What is a “sculpture”?

A carved or shaped artistic figure; tác phẩm điêu khắc.

What does the verb “carve” mean?

To cut or sculpt material into a shape; khắc, chạm.

Define “monument.”

A memorial structure honoring something; đài tưởng niệm.

What are “various incarnations”?

Different forms or versions of something; những hình thức hiện thân khác nhau.

What does the adjective “devastating” mean?

Causing great destruction; tàn phá, hủy diệt.

Define the noun “earthquake.”

A violent shaking of the ground; động đất.

What does the adjective “stunning” describe?

Extremely beautiful or impressive; tuyệt đẹp, kinh ngạc.

Define “formation.”

The process or structure of something being created; sự hình thành.

What does the adjective “dramatic” mean?

Striking or impressive in effect; ấn tượng mạnh, kịch tính.

In architecture, what are “storeys”?

Levels or floors of a building; tầng nhà.

What does the phrase “overlook the steps” mean?

To face or have a view of the stairs; nhìn ra bậc thềm.

Define “view to the steps.”

A sightline or outlook toward the stairs; tầm nhìn ra các bậc thang.

What does the verb “neglect” mean?

To ignore or fail to care for; bỏ bê, lơ là.

What is “medieval engineering”?

Construction techniques from the Middle Ages; kỹ thuật thời trung cổ.

What does the verb “recognize” mean?

To identify or acknowledge; nhận ra, công nhận.

Define the verb “preserve.”

To maintain or protect from harm; bảo tồn, gìn giữ.

What does the phrasal verb “flock to” mean?

To gather in large numbers; đổ xô đến.

What does the phrase “gaze in” describe?

To look intently or admire; nhìn chằm chằm, chăm chú.

Define the noun “wonder.”

A remarkable thing causing amazement; sự kinh ngạc, kỳ quan.

What is an “ancient civilization”?

An early, historic society or culture; nền văn minh cổ đại.