CHAPTER 6 SKELETAL SYSTEM AND FRAMEWORK

Made up of non living minerals known as calcium and phosphorus

Bones

Long bones

Vertical and can withstand vertical force

Flat bones

Sound in the skull, ribs and sternum

Irregular bones

Are in shape and are found in the hip bone and vertebrae

Dorsum

Back of the hand or foot

Plantar

Underneath the feet (soles)

Periosteum

Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the bone, also contains blood vessels which transports blood in nutrients.

Nerve endings

Means you can feel pain

Lymph vessels

Helps drain or take out waste

Do bones have nerve endings?

Yes, they do because you can feel pain

Do ligaments and tendons attach to bones?

Yes

Do ligaments and tendons, attach theperiosteum?

Yes

Ligaments and tendons attach to the bone or the periosteum?

They attached to the periosteum because it’s the most superficial layer of the bone. (Surrounds the bone)

Yellow marrow

Has a high fat content and can convert to red marrow which makes red blood cells

What is located in the medullary cavity?

Yellow marrow, which is a part of the diaphysis

What is red bone marrow?

Is where we produce red blood cells

Can yellow blood marrow produce red blood cells if converted to red marrow?

Yes

Periosteal

Outer layer of the bone

Proximal Epiphysis

Makes up your shoulder join

Diaphysis

The shaft of the bone (middle of the arm)

Distal epiphysis

Makes Up your elbow

Humeral shaft

Connect the shoulder and elbow

Jimmy was playing on the trampoline. Jimmy flew off the trampoline, landed on the ground and broke his humerus at the diaphysis. Where is the break?

In the humeral shaft

What kind of bones is periosteum made up of?

Compact bones

Osteocytes

Makes bone

Osteogenesis

The process of making bones

Osteoblasts

Are responsible for building bones

Osteoclast

Responsible for destroying bones

Osteoporosis

Brittle bones

Ossification

The formation of bone in the body

Epiphytical Plate

Known as the growth plate

Projections

Landmarks for tendons and ligaments to attach to

Grooves

Act as a pathway for nerve and blood vessels

Soleil has osteoporosis, could overactivity of Osteoclast be a contributor to osteoporosis?

Yes, because Osteoclast destroys bones

Soleil has osteoporosis. Could overactivity of osteoblast be a contributor to osteoporosis?

No osteoblast build bone

If your body likes calcium or phosphates, what does that mean?

It means osteoclasts activity is going to be increased

Calcitrol Hormone

Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D and plays a key role in maintaining calcium balance in the body.

What are the two functions of osteoblast in the endochondral ossification?

to form spongy bone

To form compact bones

to help break down spongy bone to help create the medullary cavity, What is needed?

Osteoclasts

Ossify ( Ossification)

The act of hard bones turned into hard bones

Bone growth =?

Endochondral Ossification

What is a fracture?

Is a crack or a slight break

Fracture healing?

Needs to be in alignment, and it needs to be reduced

Bone repair stage #1

Hematoma ( Deep Bruise)

Bone repair stage #2

Callus Formation (Fibrocartilage)

bone repair stage #3

Hard callous formation (going from cartilage to bone)

Bone repair stage #4

The bone is remodeled until the fracture is nearly undetectable (rehab stage)

Christian fractured his femur and is now on the field where he is only allowed to be playing for 30 minutes. What stage is this?

Stage 4

Christian broke his bone and was found to have a hematoma. What stage are we in?

Stage 1

Articular cartilage

Located at the end of bones and acts as a shock absorber. which prevents the ends of bones from grinding together as you move

Bursa

filled with liquid and is found in most areas with tendons, helps reduce friction

Axial skeleton

Total of 80 bones (cut off arms and legs)

Appendicular

126 bones (arms and legs)

Sutures

Are ossification of the fontanelles. (Soft spots have come together and fused)

Thorax

The bone of the chest form of thoracic cage that provide support and protection for the heart, lungs, and great blood vessels.

True ribs 1-7

They have their own individual attachments

False ribs 8-10

Do not have their own individual attachments. Shares attachments with other ribs

Floating 11-12

No attachments and are basically floating

Concave

Convex

Kyphosis

Concave - Curved by the neck

Lordosis

convex - Lower back curve

Pectoral girdle

Shoulder joints / Pecks

Clavicle

Scapula

Pelvic girdle

Hip joints

pelvic bones

Ilium

Ischium

Pubis

What do ligaments connect to?

Bone to bone

What do tendons connect to?

Muscle to bone

When two or more bones join together it forms a what?

A ligament or articulation

First-degree of freedom?

Ex : Elbow (flexión and extension)

Can only move in one degree

Second-degree of freedom?

Ex: knees (bend, extend, twist, rotation)

Can move in 2 degrees

Third-degree of freedom?

Ex: Hips (flexion, extension, external and internal rotation, abduction and addiction)

Can move in 3 different degrees

Flexion

Closing down an angle.

Can also work with extension

Extension

Widening an angle .

Also works with flexion

Plantar flexion

Toes pointing down

Doris flexion

Toes pointing up

Abduction

Moving away from midline (Think of it like being abducted)

Adduction

Adding it back to the midline

Inversion

Foot going in

Eversion

Foot going out

Supination

Palms up to the sky

Pronation

Palms down towards the ground

Protraction

Pushing your bottom teeth over your front like an overbite

Retraction

Putting your jaw back to normal

Spiral fracture

Twisting force fraction

Comminuted fracture

Crushed

Compound fracture

Bone is exposed