Social 20-1 Final Exam

Nation

• A group of people who feel connections to one another in some way

• A body of people who feel they are part of a nation.

• Feeling of belonging or connection

• internalized feeling —> generates a sense of belonging and acceptance

• shared experiences may relate to ethnic background and ancestry, cultural values and beliefs, history, language and communication, religious or spiritual beliefs, geography, politics and citizenship.

Examples of nation:

Canada, Germany, Japan, and the Roma people

State

Refers to a legal/political entity that is comprised of the following:

a) a permanent population

b) a deifned territory

c) a government; and

d) the capacity to enter into relations with other states

Nation-state

Concrete, external concept. the modern-nation refers to a single or multiple nationalities joined together in a formal political union.

The nation-state determines and official language(s), a system of law, manages currency system, uses a bureaucracy to order elements of society, and fosters loyalties to abstract entities like Canada, '“the US”, and so on.

Many different nations can exists within a nation-state.

Nationalism

A devotion to one owns nation-state, feelings of pride or happiness towards a country.

Patriotism

Love for a nation/nation state.

It relates to a pride in that nation's culture and achievements. It may involve love and respect for National symbols (flags, landmarks, monuments, and cities). Some forms of patriotism involve the individual placing the interests of the nation above his or her own personal or group interest.

Linguistic nationalism

The association of a specific language with a particular nation, often leading to the promotion of one language as the national language and potentially the exclusion of others

Linguistic nationalism example

In Canada, the Quebec nationalist movement has historically emphasized the French language as a key element of Québécois identity and autonomy. 

Spiritual nationalism / Religious nationalism

Where religious beliefs, dogma, or ideology are intertwined with national identity and political goals

Spiritual nationalism / Religious nationalism example

Pakistani nationalism is closely associated with Islam, with religion playing a central role in the nation's identity and narrative. 

Ethnic nationalism

A nation founded on a shared ethnicity, culture, and language. People who share traits that make up their collective identity.

Ethnic nationalism example

Slovaks living in Austria-Hungary could not generally pursue education in their language and were expected to adopt the Hungarian culture.

This expectation led to the conclusion that the only way to preserve one's culture was to create an independent state based on ethnic belonging.

Cultural nationalism

The belief that a nation is defined by its shared culture, and it involves promoting and preserving that culture as a key aspect of national identity

Cultural nationalism example?

The Canadian government's creation of national institutions like the CBC, the CRTC, the National Library, and the Canada Council for the Arts, along with mandates to support Canadian content, is a clear example of cultural nationalism.

These institutions aim to foster a national identity and protect Canadian culture from foreign influence. 

Geographic nationalism

The symbolic use of landscapes, the demarcation of national borders, and the promotion of a nation's territory as integral to its identity and sovereignty. 

Geographic nationalism example

The Himalayas are often seen as a symbol of Indian national identity. 

Historical nationalism

The development and expression of national identity and unity across different periods and geographical regions

Historical nationalism example

The French Revolution and the unification of Germany and Italy in the 19th century

Civic nation, example?

A nation-state created by the people, regardless of their ethnicity, culture or language. These people agree to live together according to a particular set of beliefs or values.

Canada. It is made up of thousands of different "nations" (ethnic, cultural, linguistic, religious, etc.)

Ultra-nationalism

Fanatical patriotism; nationalism that is so extreme as to be detrimental to international interests or cooperation

Internationalism

A political movement advocating overcoming all nationalism and the creation of a global government

Supranationalism + example

Someone who advocates a community of interests among nations; cooperation between countries: a policy or spirit of cooperation and mutual understanding between countries; interest in other countries: a willingness to understand and respect the concerns, attitudes, and ways of life of other countries.

EU

Pacifism

The belief that any violence, including war, is unjustifiable under any circumstances, and that all disputes should be settled by peaceful means.

National loyalties

Feelings of allegiance and devotion to one's nation, often encompassing shared culture, history, and values.

These loyalties can manifest in various ways, from participating in national celebrations to supporting political initiatives or even sacrificing for one's country.

Conflicting or contending loyalties

If one or more loyalties conflict.

Self-determination

The power of a people within a nation-state or nation to make their own decisions about what is in their interest.

Sovereignty

The authority of a nation-state to govern itself or another state.

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Collective security + example

When nations work together to retain peace

European powers also work together to maintain existing national boundaries and prevent revolutions

War

The forces of nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the formation of alliances are considered to be fundamental causes of war

Solution to problems that stood in the way of countries being able to pursue their national interests

Military intervention

The deployment of armed forces into the territory of another state, often with the aim of influencing or altering the political situation there.

eg. peacekeeping missions

Diplomacy

The profession, activity, or skill of managing international relations, typically by a country's representatives abroad.

eg. UN

Alliances

A formal agreement or treaty between two or more nations to cooperate for a specific purpose.

You need friends with guns because those other countries have friends with guns

Cooperation

The process of working together to the same end.

Economic sanctions

One country or group imposes penalties on another to influence its behavior.

These measures, often used in foreign policy, can range from trade restrictions and asset freezes to financial transaction limitations.

Sanctions are typically implemented when diplomacy alone is deemed insufficient, but military intervention is seen as too severe. 

Boycotts

To join with others in refusing to deal with a person, organization, or country usually to express disapproval or to force acceptance of terms

Foreign aid

Billions of dollars are transferred from developed to developing countries for humanitarian and other purposes

Can be used to rebuild

Treaties + example

Formal, legally binding agreements, often between governments or international organizations, that establish rights, obligations, and relationships.

In Canada, treaties, particularly those with Indigenous peoples, define ongoing rights and benefits for all parties involved

International law

Resolves conflicts between countries regarding national interest or foreign policies based on:

• International treaties

• Agreements

• Conventions

• UN resolutions

• Widely accepted international practices

Internationl law example?

United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea

An agreement that sets rules for the high seas (waters beyond territorial waters of any country)

1st Estate

Clergy

• Contained only 1% of population but owned 20% of land

• Clergy exempt from taxes

• Church levied tithes on all agricultural products

2nd Estate

Nobility

• 2-4% of the population owned about 25% of land

• Exempt from taxes

• Enjoyed surge in influence after death of Louis XIV

• Could tax peasants for their own profit

3rd Estate:

Made up of rich merchants, artisans, middle class as well as a mass of peasants

• Bore the vast majority of tax burden (land tax, income tax, church tithes)

• Peasants also had to honor feudal obligations

• Peasants owned 40% of the land in France

• Bourgeoisie demanded political and social power that aligned with their growing economic power

• Resented the 1st and 2nd Estates who held majority of political and social power.

Absolute Monarchy / limited constitutional monarchy

King has all the power and can manipulate/bend the law.

Republic

Monarchy completely abolished, replaced with a republican form of government

Society based on the ideals of “Equality, Liberty, Fraternity”

(A form of government where power resides with the citizens, who either rule directly or through elected representatives)

Louis XIV

Early monarch of France

Strong-willed ruler who was determined to make his subjects obey him and to make his kingdom the predominant power in Europe

Louis XVI

Ruled France after his father, Louis XIV.

Created long-term financial issues for France because of his involvement in wars, the Seven Years War between Britain and France, his support of the American Revolution and his lifestyle had left France bankrupt.

Marie Antoinette

Louis XVI’s wife who he marries to attempt to recover France’s issues with Austria.

Marie Antoinette is extravagant, and her lavish courtly lifestyle contributes to France’s financial ruin

Maximilian Robespierre

The leader of the Montagnards (the more radical and militaristic branch of the Jacobins)

Attempted to achieve peace in Paris through a Reign of Terror

Napoleon

A French military general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution.

Dramatic shifts in political loyalties during the French Revolution…

Prior to the French Revolution, citizens viewed themselves as “subjects of the King”

After the French Revolution, citizens viewed themselves as “citizens of France”

Estates General

Common agreement among the Three Estates:

1. France should have a constitutional monarchy

2. Individual liberties must be guaranteed by law

3. Abolition of certain trade barriers

National assembly

(1789-1791)

When the Third Estate refuses to follow the old voting system, Louis XVI is angered and locks them out of the palace and chamber

On June 17 the Third Estate declared itself the true National Assembly of France

Mostly bourgeoise

Tennis court oath

Third estate swore to remain together until it had given France a constitution

The Third Estate thus assumed sovereign power on behalf of the nation

What did Louis XVI do in response to the Tennis Court Oath?

Louis XVI brought an army of 18,000 troops to Versailles

Storming of the bastille

In July 1789

Began in response to food shortages and soaring bread prices, 25% unemployment and a fear of military oppression

On July 14, an angry mob stormed the Bastille in search of gunpowder and weapons

The storming of the Bastille inadvertently saved the?

National assembly

What was the King prepared to do during the storming of Bastille?

To use military to put down the National Assembly but now had to focus on Paris.

What did the Sans-cullottes do? How? What did they believe?

Were responsible for storming the Bastille, marching on Versailles and driving the king to the Tuileries.

Used violence and influence to keep the ideas of the revolution moving forward

Feared that the National Convention might be too moderate.

Great Fear

The spirit of the rebellion in Paris spread to the countryside, sparking a wave of violence.

August 4: Reforms of the National Assembly

Voted to abolish feudalism in France and declared equality of taxation to all classes.

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. What were some of its policies?

This document became the constitutional blueprint for France

“Men are born and remain free and equal in rights”

Guaranteed freedom of speech and religion

Fair trial by jury

Established a republic with all men able to vote

Protected private property

March on Versailles

October 1789

Women pushed the revolution forward when shortages of bread persisted

7000 women with the assistance of the Paris national guard marched 12 miles to Versailles demanding the king redress their economic problems.

Result of March on Versailles

The King and Queen were forced to move to Paris to live at the Tuileries, the royal residence in Paris.

Civil constitution of the Clergy

Reduced the power of the Church

Nationalized/auctioning ALL Church lands and titles

Established religious freedom and made marriage a state issue

National convention

Jacobin Republic

Created in September 1792

Replaced the Monarchy

Society based on the ideals of “Equality, Liberty, Fraternity”

Committee of Public Safety

This was a 12-member executive group that had sweeping powers (they called a state of emergency and suspended all natural rights and protections)

Its main duty was to suppress counter-revolutionary forces and continue to direct the war effort and beheaded and drowned thousands of “suspected criminals” across France, accusing them of being anti-Revolutionary

Constitution of 1791

Took all noble titles and privileges (made regular citizens)

Divided all former noble lands into governmental districts

Separated the powers of the government

Included all male citizens in voting

Execution of the King

Died at the guillotine on 21 January 1793

Levee en Masse

France drafted the largest army of its age;

This was necessary means as no kings or nobles existed to contribute to an army to fight the coalitions

How did the Levee en Masse go?

While their massive conscription army of 750,000 was doing well, especially under the brilliant general, Napoleon Bonaparte, their economy was unsustainable

Directory

(A group of 5 men with executive power) drew support, rose up, and seized control of France

The Directory constituted? How did they make themselves more popular?

A shift to conservatism

By including the famous national general Napoleon Bonaparte

Consulate

Was the new government in France with Napoleon Bonaparte being the first consulate

It was a new constitution of three consulates after the Coup D’e tate where the directory was overthrown

Napoleon as Emperor

Knowing how popular he was, initiated a nation-wide vote to name himself the head of the government

With a vote of 3,000,000 to 1,592, Napoleon was declared the head of the state of France, and declared himself “Emperor”

Symbolically showed that he would not be controlled by Rome or submit to any power other than himself.

Napoleonic Code

(1804)

Reform French legal code to reflect the values of the French Revolution.

Largely on common sense rules instead of on legal theories or principles

The Napoleonic code divides law into:

Personal status, property, and the acquisition of property.

Where ever Napoleon conquered…

The Napoleonic code was implemented.

Legion of Honor

Established in 1802 by Napoleon Bonaparte, it recognizes outstanding merits in service to France. 

Militarism

The belief or desire for a government or people to maintain strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to either defend or pursue national interests

Because guns are cool, and other countries are scary :)

Key rivalries during WW1 in relation to militarism:

Germany and UK competing to build more battleships

UK fearing an attack on their vast empire

Germany competing with Russia + France to expand armies

Alliances

A formal agreement or treaty between two or more nations to cooperate for a specific purpose.

You need friends with guns because those other countries have friends with guns

Triple alliance

(Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy)

Triple Entente

(Britain, France, and Russia)

Some other key alliances during WW1;

Austria declared war on Serbia: Russia is allied with Serbia, comes to its defense

• France had an agreement to help Russia

Germany invades France via Belgium: Great Britain joins to protect Belgium + France

Imperialism

A process of extending a countries power and influence through diplomacy or military force to dominate a nation.

This WAS your land, now its MINE

Examples of imperalism in Africa and the Middle East during WW1:

🡪 Franco-German rivalry in Morocco

🡪 Franco-Italian rivalry for Tunisia

🡪 Anglo-German rivalry in the Middle East

European control of Africa in 1880:

Starting in the 1880s, in what became known as the “Scramble for Africa,” European countries raced to occupy the continent, seeking economic and strategic gains.

Britain established control over many parts of Africa, including Sudan and much of the south. France began to rule a large territory in the west and north

European control of Africa in 1914:

European powers controlled almost 90 percent of the continent, often through the use of unmitigated violence leaving only Ethiopia and Liberia as independent states

European control of Africa in 1945:

The Fifth Pan-African Congress demanded the end of colonialism

While the continent was divided among various European nations, the aftermath of World War II weakened these powers and fuelled independence movements across Africa. 

European control of Africa in 1980:

Largely dismantled, with the majority of the continent having achieved independence.

Still some areas with significant European settler populations, like Zimbabwe and South Africa, retained a form of European-dominated governance, they too were moving towards majority rule and independence.

Nationalism

An idea or feeling of commonality or belonging between any group of people.

During WW1, all nations wanted to assert their power & independence

What is an example of nationalism during WW1 that occurred in the Powder Keg of Europe?

Princip assassinating Archduke Franz Ferdinand was to unite Slavic people to overthrow Austro-Hungarian rule

Ferdinand was to be the heir of the Austro-Hungarian Empire

Princip was looking to kill Ferdinand in an effort to unite Slavs against Austria-Hungary

What is an example of nationalism relating to Canada during WW1?

WWI was a defining point in Canadian history, Canadian soldiers proved themselves internationally fighting for Britain

Great Britain’s foreign policy goals during 1870-1914

Britain's foreign policy was based upon maintaining a balance of power in Europe.

Britain was also determined to protect its vast global empire and its sea trade.

It feared Germany's domination of the continent and its challenge to British industrial and imperial supremacy.

France’s foreign policy goals from 1870-1914

To counter the threat posed by a rapidly rising Germany, involving rebuilding alliances with Russia and Britain, seeking to isolate Germany diplomatically and militarily.

France also pursued colonial expansion, particularly in Africa and Indochina, to enhance its international standing and secure resources. 

Get Alsace-Lorraine back

Russia’s foreign policy goals during 1870-1914

Expanding its influence, particularly in the Balkans and the Far East, while also maintaining its status as a great power.

Key goals included acquiring warm-water ports, protecting Orthodox Christians, and challenging Austria-Hungary's dominance in the Balkans.

Germany’s foreign policy goals from 1870-1914

Maintaining peace and stability in Europe by isolating France and balancing power through alliances.

Later, under Kaiser Wilhelm II, Germany pursued a more aggressive aiming for global power status through colonial expansion and naval buildup, which ultimately contributed to rising tensions and the outbreak of World War I. 

Austria-Hungary’s foreign policy goals from 1870-1914

Maintaining the stability of the Habsburg Empire, countering Serbian expansionism, and strengthening ties with Germany while managing relations with Russia and Italy.

A key goal was to prevent the disintegration of the empire due to internal ethnic tensions and external pressures, particularly from Slavic nationalism fuelled by Serbia. 

Italy’s foreign policy goals during 1870-1914

Under Mussolini: to gain what was called spazio vitale ('living space') for the Italian people, and to make Italy a great power in the Mediterranean, northern Africa and the Balkans.