Triads and Pentads in Medicine

Achalasia Triad

Increased lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) tone, decreased LES relaxation, aperistalsis

Alkaptonuria Triad

Ochronotic arthritis, Ochronotic pigmentation, Urine darkens on standing

Anderson Triad

Subcutaneous emphysema, rapid respirations, and abdominal rigidity

Anderson Syndrome Triad

Bronchiectasis, Cystic Fibrosis, Vitamin A deficiency

Bartter's syndrome

Metabolic alkalosis, Hypokalaemia, Normal or decreased blood pressure

Beck's triad

Muffled heart sound, Distended neck veins, Hypotension

Charcot's cholangitis triad

Right Upper Quadrant Pain, Fever, Jaundice

Charcot's neurologic triad

Scanning speech, intention tremor, nystagmus

Congenital toxoplasmosis

Chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications

Congenital rubella

Cataracts, patent ductus arteriosus, sensorineural hearing loss

Congestive Heart Failure Triad

Tachycardia, Tachypnea, Tender hepatomegaly

Cushing's triad of Increased Intracranial Pressure

Bradycardia, Bradypnea, Hypertension

Dieulafoy's triad

Hyperesthesia of the skin, exquisite tenderness and guarding over McBurney's point

Fanconi syndrome triad

Aminoaciduria, Proteinuria, Phosphaturia

Female athlete triad

Eating disorders, amenorrhoea, decreased bone mineral density

Gradenigo's Triad

Sixth cranial nerve Palsy, Persistent ear discharge, Deep seated retro orbital pain

Triad of opioid overdose

Respiratory depression, pinpoint pupils, CNS depression

Triad of granulomatosis with polyangiitis

Focal necrotizing vasculitis, necrotizing granulomas in the lung and upper airway, necrotizing glomerulonephritis

Hakim Triad(Adams Triad)

Urinary incontinence, Gait disturbance, Dementia

Triad of Sandblom

Malena, Obstructive jaundice, Biliary colic

Triad of Meigs' Syndrome

Ascites, pleural effusion, benign ovarian tumour

Haemolytic Uremic Syndrome Triad

Anaemia, Thrombocytopenia, Renal failure

Hutchinson's triad

Hutchison's teeth, Interstitial keratitis, Nerve deafness

Kartagener Syndrome Triad

Triad of bronchiectasis, Recurrent sinusitis, and, Situs inversus

Leriche's syndrome Triad

Triad of bilateral hip, thigh, and buttock claudication, impotence, and symmetric atrophy of the bilateral lower extremities due to chronic ischemia

Meckler's triad

Vomiting, pain and subcutaneous emphysema

Melkersson Rosenthal Syndrome

Recurrent facial Palsy, Plication Of Tongue

Meltzer's triad

Purpura, arthralgia, weakness/myalgia

Meniere's Disease Triad

Vertigo, Tinnitus, Sensorineural hearing Loss

O' Donoghue Triad

Twisting force in a weight bearing knee joint causes injury to Medial collateral ligament, Anterior cruciate ligament, Medial meniscus

Osler's triad

Telangiectasia, Capillary fragility. Hereditary haemorrhagic diathesis

Parkinsonism

Rigidity, Tremor, Hypokinesia

Triad of Reactive arthritis

Urethritis, conjunctivitis and anterior uveitis, arthritis

Saint's Triad

Gall stones, Diverticulosis, Hiatus hernia

Samter's triad

Aspirin sensitivity, Nasal polyps, Asthma

Tetany in Children - Triad

Stridor, Carpopedal spasm, Convulsions

Triad of Albinism

Black locks, Occulo-cutaneous Albinism, Deafness of sensorineural type

Triad of Alport Syndrome

Sensorineural deafness, Progressive renal failure, Ocular anomalies

Triad of Behcet's Syndrome

Recurrent oral ulcers, Genital ulcers, Iridocyclitis

Triad of Causes of Biotin Deficiency

Glossitis, Alopecia, Dermatitis

Triad of Henoch-Schönlein purpura

Palpable purpura on buttock/legs, arthralgia, abdominal pain

Triad of Hypernephroma

Pain, haematuria, renal mass

Triad of Kwashiorkor

Growth retardation, Mental changes, Oedema

Triad of Plummer-Vinson syndrome

Iron deficiency anaemia, dysphagia, oesophageal webs

Triple Test (for diagnosis of Down's syndrome)

Estimation of hCG, Estriol, and AFP

Trotter's Triad

Conductive deafness, Immobility of homolateral soft palate, Trigeminal neuralgia

Unhappy Triad

ACL, MCL, Medial Meniscus injury

Virchow's triad

Stasis, Hypercoagulability, Vessel injury

Triad of Wernicke encephalopathy

Confusion, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia

Whipple's Triad

Hypoglycaemia during attacks, resolution of symptoms upon correction of blood glucose, symptoms brought about by low glucose states.

Triad of Aortic stenosis

Chest pain, Heart failure, Syncope

Murphy's triad

Pain, Vomiting, Fever

Tillaux's triad

Mid abdominal cystic swelling, cystic swelling mobile at the root of the mesentery perpendicular to it, band of bowel resonance in front of the cyst

Rigler's triad

Small bowel obstruction, a gallstone outside the gallbladder, and air in the bile ducts

Weil's Disease

Hepatorenal damage, Bleeding diathesis. Pyrexia

Pentad of TTP

Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, Fever, Disturbed neurological function, Renal failure, Thrombocytopenia

Pentalogy of Cantrell

Omphalocele, Anterior diaphragmatic hernia, Sternal cleft, Ectopia cordis, Intracardiac defect.

Pentalogy of Fallot

Fallot's tetralogy with, in addition, a patent foramen ovale or, Atrial septal defect.

Reynolds Pentad

Abdominal pain, Fever, Jaundice, Shock and Depression of central nervous system function