SHH 382: Exam 1

Respiratory System

provides air for speech; lungs, thorax, abdomen

Phonatory (Laryngeal) System

provides “sound” for speech'; cartilages, muscles, vocal folds

Articulatory (Supralaryngeal) system

forms speech sounds (vowels, consonants); pharyngeal, oral and nasal cavities (vocal tract)

Pressure

force that acts perpendicularly on a surface; unit: cmH2O

Patm

atmospheric pressure; reference point; below Patm is negative above is positive

Psg/Palv

subglottal/alveolar pressure

Po

intraoral pressure

Tidal Inhalation Breathing

contraction of inhalation muscles increases thorax in 3 dimensions; superior-inferior, anterior-posterior, medial-lateral

Tidal Exhalation Breathing

during inhalation, recoil forces build up: rib elevated, lungs stretched, abdominal contents pushed down

Speech Breathing

during exhalation, Psg must remain relatively constant and high enough to make vocal folds vibrate

Tidal Breathing

gas exchange, inhalation and exhalation similar in duration

Speech Breathing

shorter but deeper inhalation, longer exhalation; constant Psg for constant loudness

Abduction and Adduction

beginning and end of sustained phonation (“ahhhh), continually during connected speech

Abduction

breathing, voiceless sounds

Adduction

phonation/voiced sounds, whispering

Myoelastic-aerodynamic theory of phonation

glottal vibration results from interaction among muscular. elastic, and aerodynamic dorces

Adduction: Myoelastic-aerodynamic theory of phonation

adduction muscles contract: phonation can begin

Vibration: Myoelastic-aerodynamic theory of phonation

Psg increases below adducted below vocal folds and blows them apart, vocal fold elasticity and Bernoulli effect return vocal folds to the midline position

Abduction: Myoelastic-aerodynamic theory of phonation

abduction muscles contract, phonation ends

Bernoulli Effect

as air flows through the trachea, the vocal folds are tighter, so air flow will move faster in tighter space, will cause Psg to be negative

Electroglottography (EEG)

noninvasive assessment of vocal fold vibratory pattern, relies on electricity conduction through tissue, tissue conducts electricity then air provides resistance

Phases of glottal cycle

closing phase, opening phase, open phase

Period

duration of one vibration/duration of 1 glottal cycle

Frequency

number of periods/vibrations per second; 1 second = 1000 milliseconds

Articulatory System location

top of the larynx

Articulatory System Biological Function

mastication and swallowing

Articulatory System Speech Function

articulation (conversion of airflow and/or glottal sound into speech sounds)

Articulation

creating resonance for laryngeal sound; creating turbulent noises and explosions by means of constrictions and obstructions along the vocal tract

Respiratory Biological function

oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange

Respiratory Speech function

outgoing air for egressive sounds

Labial valve

formed by the lips, which create bilabial obstructions and labiodental constrictions

Lingual valve

formed as the tongue approaches the teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, and velum to produce various consonants

Velopharyngeal valve

formed between the velum and the posterior and lateral pharyngeal walls to direct airflow through the nasal or oral cavities

Laryngeal valve

formed by the vocal folds to create voiced or voiceless sounds