BT 1 PAINTS AND COATINGS

Paint

the solution of a PIGMENT in water, oil or organic solvent, used to cove wood or metal articles either for protection or for appearance.

Architectural paints

air-drying materials applied by brush or spray to ARCHITECTURAL and STRUCTURAL SURFACES and forms for decorative and protective purposes.

Commercial Paints

air-drying or baking-cured materials applied by brush, spray, or magnetic agglomeration to kitchen and laundry APPLIANCES, AUTOMOBILE, MACHINERY, and FURNITURE and used as highway marking materials.

Industrial paints

used as CORROSION-RESISTANT COATINGS and high temperature coating

Pigment

gives the paint a COLOR, but also plays a role in CONSISTENCY, EASE OF APPLICATION, drying ability, durability, and hardness.

Vehicle

a liquid in which PIGMENT IS DISPERSED before being applied to a surface to control consistency, adhesion, gloss and durability.

Binder

makes the coat of paint retain its structure and BONDS it to the surface to which it is applied.

Solvent

DISSOLVES THE PAINT to make it usable and workable at normal room temperature.

Primer

basecoats applied to a surface to IMPROVE THE ADHESION of subsequent coats of paint or varnish

Sealer

A basecoat applied to a surface to REDUCE THE ABSORPTION of subsequent coats of paint or varnish, or to prevent bleeding through the finish coat

Oil paints

Utilize a DRYING OILthat oxidizes and hardens to form a tough elastic film when exposed to thin layer of air

Alkyd Paints

have ALKYD RESIN as a binder, such as chemically modified soy or linseed oil.

Latex Paints

a binder and ACRYLIC RESIN that coalesces as water evaporates from the emulsion

Epoxy Paints

have an EPOXY RESIN as a binder for increased resistance to corrosion, abrasion and chemicals. They can be used for protecting materials such as steel, aluminum and fiber glass.

Rust inhibiting and primers

especially formulated with ANTI-CORROSIVE PIGMENTS to prevent to reduce the corrosion of metal surfaces

Fire-retardant paints

especially formulated with silicone and polyvinyl chloride or other substance to REDUCE THE SPREAD OF FLAME of a combustible material.

Heat-resistant paints

especially formulated with silicone resins to WITHSTAND HIGH TEMEPERATURES.

Intumescent coatings

swells to form a thick insulating later of INERT FOAM when exposed to heat or fire that retards flame spread and combustion.

Three types of paint application

brush, spray, roller

Surface preparation for previously painted surfaces

1. scrape off loose paint and sand smooth
2. remove old fading paint
3. nail back any loose boards and counter sink the nail head and fill with putty

Surface preparation for new wood exteriors

1. surface must be clean and dry
2. sand rough spots
3. all new wood surfaces must be primed
4. putty and fill all holes and cracks after the prime coat has been dried
5. caulk joints around door and window frames

Surface preparation for interior surfaces

1. surfaces must be clean and free of wax, dirt and grease
2. repair with patching plaster all cracks and holes
3. spot prime patched areas
4. sand old surfaces

Surface preparation for metal surfaces

1. all surfaces must be clean and dry. Remove oil and grease with paint thinner or mineral spirits
2. remove any rust or loose paint by wire brushing or sand blasting. bare spots on shop-coated steel and spot prime.

Blistering

a paint defect that are BUBBLES resulting from localized LOSS OF ADHESION and lifting of paint film from the underlying surface

Possible causes of blistering

1. applying oil-based or alkyd paint over a damp/wet surface
2. moisture seeping through the exterior walls
3. exposure of the latex paint film to high humidity or moisture shortly after paint has dried, especially if there were inadequate surfaces

Solutions for blistering

1. If the do not go all the way down to the substrate: remove them by scraping and sanding and repaint with a quality acrylic latex interior paint.
2. If they go down to the substrate: Remove the source of moisture, if possible.

Blocking

a paint defect that is an undesirable STICKING TOGETHER of two painted surfaces when pressed together

Possible causes of blocking

no sufficient time to dry

Solutions for blocking

use top quality semi-gloss or gloss acrylic latex paint.

Burnishing

a paint defect that is an INCREASE IN GLOSS or sheen of paint film when subjected to rubbing, scrubbing, or having an object brush against it.

Possible causes of burnishing

1. use of flat paint in highly trafficked areas, where a higher sheen level would be desired
2. frequent washing and spot cleaning
3. friction of objects against finish

Solutions for burnishing

1. Paint heavy wear areas that require regular cleaning (e.g. doors and windows) with a top quality latex paint.
2. In high traffic areas, choose a semi-gloss or gloss rather than a flat sheen level

Cracking/Flaking

a paint defect that is SPLITTING through at least one cot as a result of AGING, which ultimately will lead to complete failure of the paint.

Hairline cracks

Early stages of cracking/flaking

Flaking

Later stages of cracking/flaking

Possible causes of cracking/flaking

1. use of a lower quality paint that has inadequate adhesion and flexibility
2. over-thinning or overspreading the paint
3. inadequate surface preparation, or applying the paint to bare wood without first applying a primer.

Solutions for cracking/flaking

1. remove loose and flaking paint with a scraper or wire brush, sanding the surface and feathering the edges
2. prime bare wood areas before painting
3. use a top quality primer and top coat should prevent a recurrence of the problem

Foaming/Cratering

Formation of BUBBLES and resulting small, round concave DEPRESSIONS when bubbles break in a paint film, during paint application and drying.

Possible causes of foaming/cratering

1. shaking a partially filled can of paint
2. use of low quality paint of very old latex paint.
3. excessive rolling or brushing of paint
4. applying paint to rapidly
5. applying a gloss or semi-gloss paint over a porous surface

Solutions for foaming/cratering

1. use high quality paints which allow good flow and appearance
2. avoid excessive rolling or brushing of paint that is more than a year old.
3. apply an appropriate sealer or primer before using such paint over a porous surface.
4. problem areas should be sanded before repainting.

Lapping

a paint defect that has an appearance of a DENSER OLOR or increased gloss where wet and dry colors OVERLAP during paint application

Possible causes of lapping

1. failure to maintain a wet edge when painting
2. use of low solids economy paint

Solutions for lapping

1. maintain a wet edge when painting by applying paint toward the unpainted area and then back into the just painted surface
2. this technique will produce a smooth, uniform appearance.
3. It is also wise to work in manageable size areas; plan for interruptions at a natural break, such window, door or corner
4. using a top quality acrylic latex paint
5. alkyd paints generally have superior wet edge properties

Mildew

a paint defect that is BLACK, GREY, OR BROWN SPOTS or areas on the surface of paint or caulk.

Possible causes of mildew

1. forms most often on areas that tend to be damp, or receive little or no direct sunlight, such as, bathrooms, kitchen, laundry rooms, and the like.
2. use of an alkyd or oil-based paint or lower quality latex paint
3. failure to prime wood surface before applying the paint
4. painting over a substrate/coating in which mildew has not been removed.

Solutions for mildew

1. test for mildew by applying a few drops of household bleach to the area: if it is bleached away, the discolorant is probably mildew.
2. remove all mildew from the surface by scrubbing with a diluted household bleach solution (1 part bleach, 3 parts water) then rinse
3. use a top quality latex paint and clean when necessary with bleach/detergent solution
4. consider installing an exhaust fan in high moisture areas.

Mud Cracking

a paint defect that is a deep, irregular CRACK RESEMBLING DRIED MUD in a dry paint film

Possible causes of mud cracking

1. Paint is applied to thickly, usually over a porous surface
2. paint is allowed to build up in corners upon appolication

Solutions for mud cracking

1. remove coating by scraping and sanding
2. prime and repaint, using a top quality latex paint
3. mud-cracked areas can also be repaired by sanding the surface smooth before repainting with a top quality latex paint
4. Quality paints have a higher solids content, which reduces the tendency to mud crack. They also have a very good application and hiding properties, which maximized the tendency to apply a thick coat of paint.

Sagging

A paint defect that is a downward "DROOPING" movement of the paint film immediately after application, resulting in an uneven coating.

Possible causes of sagging

1. application of a heavy coat of paint
2. application in excessively humid and/or cool conditions
3. airless spraying with the gun too close to the substrate being painted.

Solutions for sagging

1. if paint is still wet, immediately brush out or re-roll to redistribute the excess evenly.
2. if the paint has dried, sand and reapply a new coat of top quality paint
3. correct any unfavorable conditions: do not thin the paint; avoid cool or humid conditions; sand glossy surfaces.
4. paint should be applied at its recommended spread rate rather than one heavy coat, which may lead to sagging
5. consider removing doors to paint them supported horizontally.

Surfactant Leaching

a paint defect where the CONCENTRATION OF WATER-SOLUBLE INGREDIENTS on the surface of a latex paint, typically on a ceiling surface in rooms that have high humidity (e.g. shower, bathroom, kitchen) may be evident as TAN OR BROWN SPOTS on areas, and can sometimes be glossy, soapy or sticky.

Possible causes of surfactant leaching

1. all latex paint formulas will exhibit this tendency to some extent if applied in areas that become humid especially in ceiling areas.

Solutions for surfactant leaching

1. wash the affected area with soap and water, them rinse
2. problem may occur once or twice again before leachable material is completely removed.
3. when paint is applied in a bathroom, it is helpful to dry it thoroughly before using the shower.
4. remove all staining before repainting.

Wrinkling

a paint defect which is a rough, CRINKLED paint surface, which occurs when uncured paint forms a skin

Possible causes of wrinkling

1. paint applied to thickly (more likely when using alkyd or oil-based paints)
2. Painting during extremely hot weather or cool damp weather, which causes the paint film to dry faster on top than on the bottom.
3. exposure of uncured paint to high humidity levels
4. applying top coat of paint to insufficiently cured primer.
5. painting over contaminated surface.

Solutions on wrinkling

1. scrape or sand substrate to remove wrinkled coating
2. if using a primer, allow it to dry completely before applying top coat.
3. applying an even coat of top quality interior paint.

Poor print resistance

a paint defect where there is a tendency of paint film to take on the IMPRINT of an object that is placed on it.

Possible causes of poor print resistance

1. use of low quality semi-gloss or gloss paint
2. putting a painted surface back into use before paint has fully dried

Solution for poor print resistance

1. use of top quality acrylic semi-gloss or gloss latex paint
2. low quality latex semi-gloss and gloss paints can have poor print resistance, especially in warm damp conditions
3. acrylic latex paints generally have better print resistance than vinyl latex paints
4. fully cured alkyd paints also have excellent print resistance.

Alligatoring

a paint defect where there is a patterned cracking in the surface of the paint film resembling the regular SCALES OF AN ALLIGATOR.

Possible causes of alligatoring

1. application of an extremely hard, rigid coating, like an alkyd enamel, over a more flexible coating, like a latex primer.
2. application of a top coat before the undercoat is dry.
3. natural aging of oil-based paints as temperatures fluctuate
4. the constant expansion and contraction results in a loss of paint film elasticity.

Solution for alligatoring

1. old paint should be completely removed by craping and sanding the surface; a heat gun can be used to speed work on large surfaces, but take care to avoid igniting paint/substrate.
2. the surface should be primed with a high quality latex or oil-based primer, then painted w/ a top quality exterior latex paint

Chalking

a paint defect where there is a formation of FINE POWDER on the surface of the paint film during weathering, which can cause color fading. Although some degree of chalking is normal, desirable way for a paint film to wear, excessive film erosion can result in heavy chalking.

Possible causes of chalking

1. use of a low-grade, highly pigmented paint
2. use of an interior paint for an outdoor application

Solutions for chalking

1. remove as much of the chalk residue as possible using a stiff bristle brush and then rinse thoroughly with a garden hose, or use powder washing equipment
2. check for any remaining chalk by running a hand over the surface after it dries
3. if noticeable chalk is still present, apply a quality oil-based or acrylic latex primer, then repaint with a quality exterior coating; if little or no chalk remains and the old paint is sound, no priming is necessary.

Dirt Pickup

a paint defect where there is an accumulation of DIRT, DUST particles and/or other debris on the paint film; may resemble mildew

Possible causes of dirt pickup

1. use of low quality paint, especially lower grades of satin/semi-gloss
2. soil splashing onto siding
3. air pollution, car exhaust and flying dust collecting on house body and horizontal trim

Solution for dirt pickup

1. wash off all surface first before priming and painting
2. if unsure whether the problem is dirt/mildew, conduct a simple spot test
3. clean off dirt with a scrub brush and detergent solution, followed by a thorough rinsing with a garden hose
4. while dirt pickup can't be eliminated entirely, top quality exterior latex paints typically offer superior dirt pickup resistance and washability
5. also, higher gloss paints are more resistant to dirt pickup than flat paints, which are more porous and can more easily entrap dirt.

Efflorescence/Mottling

a paint defect where there is a CRUSTY, WHITE SALT DEPOSITS, leached from mortar or masonry as water passes through it.

Possible causes of efflorescence/mottling

1. failure to adequately prepare surface by removing all previous efflorescence.
2. excess moisture escaping through the exterior masonry walls from the inside.

Solutions for efflorescence/mottling

1. eliminate the source of excessive moisture by repairing the roof, cleaning out gutters and downspouts, and sealing cracks in the masonry
2. if the moist air is originating inside the building, consider installing vents/exhaust fans, especially in kitchen, bathroom and laundry areas.
3. remove the efflorescence and all loose material with a wire brush; then thoroughly rinse the surface
4. apply a quality water-based or solvent-based masonry sealer and allow it to dry completely; then apply a coat of top quality exterior paint or elastomeric wall covering.

Frosting

a paint defect where there are white, SALT-LIKE SUBSTANCE on the paint surface. It can occur on any paint color, but it is less noticeable on white paint or light tints. On MASONRY, it can be mistaken for efflorescence.

Possible causes of frosting

1. forms mostly in protected areas that do not receive the cleansing action of rain, dew, and other moisture
2. application of a dark-colored paint over a paint or primer containing calcium carbonate extender

Solutions for frosting

1. remove frosting by wire brushing masonry/sanding wood surfaces; rinse, then apply an alkyd-based primer before adding a coat of high quality exterior paint

Paint Incompatibility

a paint defect where there is a LOSS OF ADHESION where many old coats of alkyd or oil-based paint received a latex top coat

Possible causes of paint incompatibility

1. use of water-based latex paint over more than three or four coats of old alkyd or oil-based paint may cause the old paint to lift off the substrate.

Solutions for paint incompatibility

1.repaint using another coat of alkyd or oil-based paint or completely remove the existing paint and prepare the surface-cleaning, sanding and spot-priming where necessary before repainting with a top latex exterior paint

Peeling

a paint defect where there is a LOSS OF PAINT due to poor adhesion

Possible causes of peeling

1. seepage of moisture through unsealed joints, worn caulk or leaks in roof or walls
2. excess moisture escaping through the exterior walls
3. inadequate surface preparation
4. use of lower quality paint
5. applying an oil-based paint over wet surface
6. earlier blistering of paint

Solutions for peeling

1. try to identify and eliminate cause of moisture
2. prepare surface by removing all loos paint with scraper or wire brush, sand rough surfaces, prime bare wood.
3. repaint with a top quality acrylic latex exterior paint for best adhesion and water resistance

Poor alkali resistance

a paint defect where there is a COLOR LOSS and overall determination of paint film on fresh masonry

Possible causes of poor alkali resistance

1. oil-based paint or vinyl acrylic latex paint was applied to new masonry that has not cure for a full year
2. fresh masonry is likely to contain lime, which is very alkaline. Until the lime has a chance to react with carbon dioxide from the air, the alkalinity of the masonry remains so high that it can attach the integrity of all paint film.

Solutions for poor alkali resistance

1. allow masonry surfaces to cure for at least 30 days, and ideally for a full year, before painting
2. if this is not possible, the painter should apply a quality, alkali-resistant sealer or latex primer, followed by a top quality 100 percent acrylic latex exterior paint
3. the acrylic binder in these paints resist alkali attack

Poor galvanized metal adhesion

a paint defect where paint has lost its adhesion to a GALVANIZED METAL SUBSTRATE.

Possible causes of poor galvanized adhesion

1. improper surface preparation, such as inadequate rust removal.
2. failure to apply a primer before application of an oil-based or vinyl latex paint
3. failure to sand baked-on enamel finishes or glossy surfaces before painting

Solutions for poor galvanized adhesion

1. any rust on the metal should be removed with a wire brush; then an acrylic latex corrosion-resistant primer should be applied before applying an oil-based or vinyl latex top coat.

Poor gloss retention

a paint defect where there is a deterioration of the paint film, resulting in excessive or rapid LOSS OF LUSTER of the top coat.

Possible causes of poor gloss retention

1. use of an interior paint outdoors
2. use of lower quality paint. use of a gloss alkyd/oil-based paint in areas of direct sunlight.

Solutions for poor gloss retention

1. direct sunshine can degrade the binder and pigment of a paint, causing it to chalk and lose its gloss
2. surface preparation for a coating showing poor gloss retention should be similar to that used in chalking surfaces.

Vinyl siding warp

A paint defect where there is WARPING or buckling of vinyl siding panels that have been repainted

Possible causes of vinyl siding warp

1. most likely cause is that vinyl siding was painted with a darker color paint than the original color.

Solutions for vinyl siding warp

1. paint vinyl siding in a shade no darker than the original. Whites, off whites, pastels and other very light colors are good choices
2. top quality acrylic latex paint is the best type of paint to use on vinyl siding, because the superior flexibility of the paint film enables it to withstand the stress of expansion and contraction cycles caused by outdoor temperature changes.

Stain

a solution of dye or suspension of pigment in a vehicle, applied to penetrate and COLOR A WOOD SURFACE without obscuring the grain.

Water stain

a penetrating stain made by dissolving a powder form dye dissolve in HOT WATER as a VEHICLE

Spirit Stain

a penetrating stain made by dissolving a powder form dye in an ALCOHOL OR SPIRIT VEHICLE

Pigmented stain

also called OPAQUE STAIN

Pigmented stain

an oil stain containing PIGMENTS capable of obscuring the grain and texture of a wood surface. Applied by WIPING.

Oil stain

made by dissolving dye or suspending pigment in a drying oil or OIL VARNISH VEHICLE.