EXPLOITATION: PREDATION

MODULE 3

Exploitation

Interaction between population that enhances fitness of one individual while reducing the fitness of the exploited individual

Predators kill and consume other organism, Parasites live on the host tissue that reduces the fitness of the host but do not generally kill the host, Parasitoid is an insect larva that consumes the host, and Pathogens induces diseases

Differentiate Predators, Parasites, Parasitoid, and Pathogens

Camouflage, Mimicry, Aposematic Coloration, Crypsis, Chemical Defenses, Behavioral, and Polymorphism

How do organisms defend themselves against predation?

Aposematic coloration

Biological adaptation to a warning coloration

Crypsis

It’s a defense of prey wherein they hide

Bombardier beetle

What animal induces chemical substance

Mimicry is resembling another organism to deceive predator while Camouflage is blending in the environment

Differentiate Mimicry from Camouflage

Mullerian and Batesian

What are the two types of Mimicry

Mullerian is when toxic species copies another toxic species to widen the net of defense while Batesian is a non toxic species that copies a toxic species for defense

Differentiate Mullerian from Batesian Mimicry

Thanatosis

This is a behavioral adaptation in order to defend oneself from predation in which the organism is playing dead

Masting

A behavioral adaptio wherein organism produce many young as a form of defense mechanism

Mobbing

a behavioral adaptation wherein organisms reinforce first before they attack back

Venomous is when an organism bites you and you are harmed while Poisonous is when you eat an organism and you are harmed

Differentiate Venomous from Poisonous

Predator-prey oscillation

How do predator and prey interact with each other

Funtional responses differ among organisms, Predators tends to take sickly or weak prey, and Prey population tend to influence predator population not vice versa.

What does predator-prey oscillation states

Decimation of disease and parasitism, Physiological stress at high density leading to increased mortality as a consequence of nervous disorders, and Starvation due to reduced quantity and quality of food at high population density

Keith suggested overpopulation theories wherein periods of high population growth are followed by: (3)

They live in Boreal Forest dominated by Conifers with a dense growth of understory shrubs

Where do Snowshoe Hares live

Buds and stems of shrubs and saplings such as aspen and spruce

What do Snowshoe Hares consume during winter

The population reduced biomass from 530 kg/ha in late november to 160 kg/ha in late march

What happens to Snowshoe Hares on Winter

Shoots produced after heavy browsing can increase levels of plant chemical defenses which reduces the usable food supplies of Snowshoe Hares

What happens to shoots after heavy browsing

Lynx

What is the classic specialist predator of Snowshoe Hares

Coyote

What is the other predator of Snowshoe Hares that may also play a large role

60-98% of mortality of Snowshoe Hares during peak densities

Predation can account for…

Hare population increase causing food supplies to decrease which lead to starvation and weight loss that results to predation. all of which decreases the population

Explain the complementary of Predation in Snowshoe Hares