General Anatomy and Radiographic Positioning Terminology (PART. II)

abduct or abduction

movement of part away from the central axis of the body or body part

adduct or adduction

movement of a part toward the central axis of the body or body part

extension

straightening of a joint

flexion

act of bending a joint

hyperextension

forced or excessive extension of a limb or joints

hyperflexion

forced overflexion of a limb or joints

evert / eversion

outward turning of the foot and ankle

invert / inversion

inward turning of the foot at the ankle

pronate / pronation

rotation of the forearm so the palm is down

supinate / supination

rotation of the forearm so that the palm is up

rotate / rotation

turning or rotating of the body or a body part around its axis

circumduction

circular movement of a limb

tilt

tipping or slanting a body part slightly

deviation

a turning away from the regular standard or course

anterior (ventral)

refers to the forward or front part of the body or forward part of an organ

posterior (dorsal)

refers to back part of an organ

caudad

refers to parts away from the head of the body

cephalad

refers to parts towards the head of the body

superior

refers to nearer the head or situated above

inferior

refers to nearer the feet or situated below

central

refers to mid area or main part of an organ

peripheral

refers to parts at or near the surface edge, or outside of another body part

medial

refers to parts toward the median plane of the body or toward the middle part of another body

lateral

refers to parts away from the median plane of the body or away from the middle of another body part to right or left

superficial

refers to parts near the skin or surface

deep

refers to parts far from the surface

distal

refers to parts farthest from the point of attachment, point of reference, origin, or beginning; away from the center of the body

proximal

refers to the parts nearer the point of attachment, point of reference, origin, or beginning; towards the center of the body

external

refers to parts outside an organ or on the outside of the body

internal

refers to parts within or on the inside of an organ

parietal

refers to the wall or lining of a body cavity

visceral

refers to the covering of an organ

ipsilateral

refers to a part or parts on the same side of the body

contralateral

refers to a part or parts on the opposite side of the body

palmar

refers to the palm of the hand

plantar

refers ti sole of the foot

- sagittal plane

- coronal plane

- horizontal plane

- oblique plane

body planes (4):

- thoracic cavity

- abdominal cavity

body cavities (2):

- RUQ (right upper quadrant)

- RLQ (right lower quadrant)

- LUQ (left upper quadrant)

- LLQ (left lower quadrant)

quadrants (4):

- superior

- middle

- inferior

regions (3):

- right hypochondrium

- epigastrium

- left hypochondrium

superior regions (3):

- right lumbar

- umbilical

- left lumbar

middle regions (3):

- right inguinal

- hypogastrium

- left inguinal

inferior region (3):

body habitus

determines the size, shape, and position, tonus, and motility of the organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities

- asthenic

- sthenic

- hyposthenic

- hypersthenic

types of body habitus (3):

projection

the path of the central ray as it exits the x-ray tube and goes through the patient to the IR

- AP

- PA

- axial

- tangential

- lateral

- oblique

- complex

- true

projections (8):

position

overall posture of the patient of the general body positions

position

- a term that is used to indicate the patient's general physical position

- refers to the specific placement of the body part in relation to the radiographic table or IR during imaging

- lateral position

- oblique position

- decubitus position

- lordotic position

- tangential and axial positions

positions (5):

view

used to describe the body part as seen by the IR

method

specifies the x-ray projection and body position, and it may include specific items such as IR and central ray position

- sponges

- sandbags

- immobilization devices

positioning aids (3):

- calipers

- lead shields or shadow shields

- lead markers

- image receptor holders

accessory equipment (4):