learning, memory, and amnesia

learning (biopsych)

process of change in our nervous system brought about by new experiences

learning (biopsych)

updating nerves and nerve connections

learning (biopsych)

a change in the nervous system comes with changes in behavior

perceptual learning

changes in sensory system

motor learning

changes in the motor system

automatization

moving more automatically because you practice the movement

stimulus-response learning

changes in both sensory and motor system

relational learning

changes in the association and relationships of sensorimotor signals

e.g. (ni sir), inassociate mo yung chickenjoy sa ex mo kasi binibigay niya sayo yung balat ng manok nung kayo pa → you associate the chickenjoy with your ex

memories

changes in the nervous system brought about by learning

memories

change the physical structure and connections of our brain, thus how we think and behave

classic process of memory

encoding → storage → retrieval

encoding

committing the object or event to memory

storage

in which “box” or “storage” will the memory be saved in

retrieval

searching and successfully recreating the object or event from memory

sensory memory

the neural changes brought about by the current sensations you are feeling now

short-term memory

neural information stored for a few minutes for on-demand processing

long-term memory

neural patterns that must have been strengthened enough to form more permanent connections in the brain, allowing for recall even after a longer period

explicit memory

consciously recalled

implicit memory

unconsciously present

semantic memory

general facts and information

episodic memory

events and episodes in one’s life

procedural memory

knowledge of how to do certain actions

encoding error

nerves failing to connect to each other/cannot make a pathway to each other

retrieval error

nerves having a connection, but because you are no longer using that connection, signal becomes weaker

decay

gradual fading or weakening of memory

amnesia

loss of memory

anterograde amnesia

difficulty making new memories

retrograde amnesia

difficulty recalling old memories

engrams

hypothetical part of the brain that stores memories (shown that we do not have this)

hippocampus

located in the medial temporal cortex

hippocampus

has been found to be strongly related to episodic memory

hippocampus

involved in the transfer of new information into long-term memory

hippocampus

involved in the storage and retrieval of memory and saving new memories

hippocampus

damage leads to difficulty remembering events

amygdala

links memories with emotional significance

long-term potentiation

“neurons that fire together wire together”

long-term potentiation

more stimulation → more receptors in dendrite → more neurotransmitter release in axon → stronger signal

positive feedback loop

the more that you practice, the stronger the receptors will be, the more chemicals will be used, the stronger the signal

inferotemporal cortex

close to the primary visual cortex; believed to have a role in storing visual memory

prefrontal cortex

usually linked with higher cognitive processes and abstract thinking

prefrontal cortex

damage leads to difficulty remembering the sequence of how events happen and how to do certain actions

cerebellum

thought to work with the storage of learned motor skills through neuroplastic mechanisms

Korsakoff’s syndrome

brain damage due to chronic/excessive alcoholism; damage areas of the medial thalamus and hypothalamus

alzheimer’s disease

damage to the basal forebrain