Plant Tissues, Organs and Modifications – Lecture Review

A comprehensive set of fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering plant tissues, organs, modifications, and related terminology from the lecture notes.

tissue protects the surface of the plant from water loss, pathogen entry, and physical injury.

Dermal

Dermal tissue is mainly composed of tightly-packed, flat cells.

epidermal

Specialized epidermal cells that contain chloroplasts and surround stomata are called cells.

guard

Small pores in the epidermis that allow gas exchange and transpiration are the .

stomata

The waxy layer made of cutin that conserves water on leaf surfaces is the .

cuticle

tissue transports dissolved sugars throughout the plant.

Phloem

The conducting cells of phloem that move sugars are the elements.

sieve tube

Cells that load and unload materials into sieve tubes are called cells.

companion

tissue conducts water and minerals from roots upward.

Xylem

Water-conducting cells in xylem with pits and end walls are elements.

vessel

The most abundant ground-tissue cell type, capable of division after injury, is .

parenchyma

Ground-tissue cells with unevenly thickened walls providing elastic support are .

collenchyma

Dead ground-tissue cells with lignified walls that give inelastic support are .

sclerenchyma

A root system with one large primary root and smaller laterals is a system.

taproot

A root system where the primary root dies and many similar roots develop is a system.

fibrous

In dicot roots, the xylem is -shaped.

star

In monocot roots, xylem and phloem are arranged alternately around a central .

pith

The first cell layer inside the endodermis that gives rise to lateral roots is the .

pericycle

The meristematic region at the root tip where cells actively divide is the of cell division.

zone

The root zone where cells lengthen and push the root deeper is the zone of .

elongation

The zone containing mature cells and root hairs is the zone of .

maturation

Thick, above-ground roots that support large tropical trees are called roots.

buttress

Adventitious roots that anchor climbing plants to walls are roots.

climbing

Roots that grow upward into the air for oxygen uptake (e.g., mangroves) are .

pneumatophores

The mutualistic association between roots and fungi is called a partnership.

mycorrhizal

Enlarged roots that store large amounts of starch are roots.

storage

Parasitic roots that penetrate host tissues to steal nutrients are .

haustoria

Tiny epidermal outgrowths that absorb most water for the plant are .

root hairs

The embryonic shoot found at the junction of stem and petiole is an bud.

axillary

Stem sections between two nodes are called .

internodes

Primary growth in stems results in (vertical) elongation.

height

Secondary growth increases the (diameter) of a stem.

girth

The lateral meristem that produces secondary xylem and phloem is the cambium.

vascular

The lateral meristem that forms protective cork cells is the cambium.

cork

Old, non-conducting xylem at the center of a tree trunk is called .

heartwood

Younger, active xylem that still transports sap is .

sapwood

In monocot stems, vascular bundles are throughout the ground tissue.

scattered

In dicot stems, vascular bundles form a around the pith.

ring

Horizontal, above-ground stems that root at nodes are called .

stolons

Thick, underground horizontal stems that store nutrients are .

rhizomes

Swollen ends of rhizomes or stolons that store starch are .

tubers

Solid, bulb-like underground stems that overwinter are .

corms

Water-storing, photosynthetic stems found in cacti are .

succulents

Sharp, woody, modified branches that protect plants are .

thorns

Slender stem organs that coil for support are .

tendrils

The main photosynthetic organ of most plants is the .

leaf

Evaporation of water from leaves is called .

transpiration

The edge of a leaf blade is termed the .

margin

A leaf arrangement with two leaves per node directly opposite each other is .

opposite

Leaf venation with veins running side by side (typical of monocots) is venation.

parallel

In dicot leaves, the elongated photosynthetic cells below the upper epidermis form the mesophyll.

palisade

The loosely arranged parenchyma with air spaces in lower leaf tissue is mesophyll.

spongy

Modified leaves of cacti that protect the plant are .

spines

Colorful modified leaves that attract pollinators are .

bracts

Fleshy, overlapping leaves that store food in onions form a .

bulb

Hair-like leaf outgrowths that can trap and digest insects are .

trichomes

Some plants reproduce asexually by forming tiny on leaf margins.

plantlets

Stomata commonly open in response to light signals.

blue

The arrangement of leaves on a stem is termed .

phyllotaxy

Opposite leaves rotated 90° between successive pairs are described as .

decussate

Leaves lacking a petiole and attached directly to the stem are leaves.

sessile