Studied by 6 people
Franz Gall
phrenology (parts of brain can expand)
Pierre Flourens
extirpation/ablation to study effects of lesions
William James
functionalism (adaptation to environment)
John Dewey
functionalism (focus on whole organism)
Paul Broca
lesions (Broca’s area-speaking ability)
Hermann von Helmholtz
nerve impulse speed
Sir Charles Sherrington
synapses
Parasympathetic nervous system:
… pupils
… saliva flow
… bronchi
… heartbeat
… peristalsis and secretion
… bile release
… bladder
constricts
stimulates
constricts
slows
stimulates
stimulates
contracts
Sympathetic nervous system:
… pupils
… saliva flow
… bronchi
… heartbeat
… peristalsis and secretion
… sweating or piloerection
… glucose production and release
… secretion of adrenaline and norepinephrine
… bladder contraction
… orgasm
dilates
inhibits
relaxes
accelerates
inhibits
stimulates
stimulates
stimulates
inhibits
stimulates
What does the hindbrain consist of?
medulla, pons, cerebellum
medulla function
breathing, heart rate, digestion (vital functions)
pons function
has sensory and motor pathways between medulla and cortex
cerebellum function
maintains posture and balance and coordinates body movements
what does the midbrain consist of?
superior and inferior colliculi
superior colliculi function
reflex response to visual stimuli
inferior colliculi function
reflex response to auditory stimuli
What does the forebrain consist of?
cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system (telencephalon)
thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, pineal gland (diencephalon)
Thalamus function
sensory relay station for all senses except smell
Hypothalamus function
homeostasis (metabolism, temperature, and water balance)
endocrine functions
autonomic nervous system control
emotions during arousal states
drive behaviors
Hypothalamus acronym
FFFF: feeding, fighting, flighting, sexual functioning
Lateral hypothalamus function
hunger center (triggers eating or drinking)
ventromedial hypothalamus function
satiety center (stops eating)
anterior hypothalamus
sexual activity, sleep, body temperature
posterior pituitary function
ADH and oxytocin secretion
pineal gland function
melatonin secretion
basal ganglia function
coordinate muscle movement (make them smooth)
Parkinson’s disease is associated with destruction of what?
basal ganglia
What does the limbic system consist of?
septal nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, anterior cingulate cortex
septal nuclei function
pleasure (addiction)
amygdala function
fear and rage
hippocampus function
learning and memory
anterior cingulate cortex function
impulse control and decision-making
What does the frontal cortex consist of?
prefrontal cortex and motor cortex
Prefrontal cortex function
regulates attention and alertness (by communicating with reticular formation)
perception, memory, impulse-control, emotion, planning
Primary motor cortex function
initiate voluntary movements
What does the parietal lobe consist of?
Somatosensory cortex
Parietal lobe function
sensation, spatial processing, and manipulation
Somatosensory cortex function
destination for sensory signals for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain
What does the occipital lobe contain?
visual cortex
What is the dominant hemisphere for most people?
The left hemisphere
What does the temporal lobe consist of?
auditory cortex, Wernicke’s area
Which lobe is the hippocampus deep inside of?
temporal lobe
What is Wernicke’s area’s function?
language reception and comprehension
What are the functions of the dominant hemisphere?
language, logic, math skills (analysis, details)
What are the functions of the nondominant hemisphere?
intuition, creativity, music cognition, and spatial processing
Is acetylcholine found in the peripheral or central nervous system or both?
both
Which neurotransmitter transmits nerve impulses to the muscles?
acetylcholine
Is acetylcholine the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system?
parasympathetic
In the CNS, is acetylcholine primary excitatory or inhibitory?
excitatory (attention and arousal)
A loss of … neurons connecting with the … is associated with Alzheimer’s
cholinergic, hippocampus
What are the catecholamines?
epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine
What do catecholamines play an important role in?
emotions
What are the primary neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
What do norepinephrine and epinephrine control?
alertness and wakefulness
Which sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter commonly acts as a local level neurotransmitter?
norepinephrine
Which sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter is often secreted from the adrenal medulla to act as a hormone?
epinephrine
Which catecholamine plays an important role in movement and posture?
dopamine
The loss of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia is associated with which disease?
Parkinson’s
What does serotonin play a role in?
mood, sleep, eating, dreaming
Which neurotransmitter produces inhibitory postsynaptic potentials?
GABA
Which amino acid serves as an inhibitory neurotransmitter by increasing chloride influx into the neuron?
glycine
Which amino acid acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter?
glutamate
Which neuropeptides are natural painkillers?
endorphins
Which brain structure regulates the hormonal function of the pituitary gland?
hypothalamus
The hypothalamus releases hormones to the pituitary gland through what?
hypophyseal portal system
Which structure releases epinephrine and norepinephrine?
adrenal medulla
Which structure releases corticosteroids, testosterone, and estrogen
adrenal cortex
Neurulation occurs when the … overlying the notochord begins to furrow forming a neural … surrounded by 2 neural …
ectoderm, groove, folds
Cells at the leading edge of the neural fold are called the … and will migrate throughout the body to form disparate tissues
neural crest
Which plate of the neural tube differentiates into sensory neurons?
alar plate
Which plate of the neural tube differentiates into motor neurons?
basal plate
Which reflex involves pulling arms in and crying after abrupt head movements?
Moro reflex
When does the Moro reflex usually disappear?
After 4 months (continuation after 1 year signifies developmental problems)
Which reflex causes the toes to spread apart when the sole of the foot is stimulated?
Babinski reflex
What are groups of neuron cell bodies outside the central nervous system?
ganglia
Rods and cones → …, …, … → … cells axons form the …
bipolar cells, amacrine cells, horizontal cells, ganglion, optic nerve
What do optic nerve fibers pass through before the visual cortex?
lateral geniculate nucleus
What do vestibulocochlear nerve fibers pass through before the auditory cortex?
mediolateral geniculate cortex
What structure localizes sound?
superior olive
Odor molecules → … nerves in the … …→ … …→… …→ higher regions of the brain
olfactory, olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb, olfactory tract
What do Pacinian corpuscles respond to?
deep pressure and vibration
What do Meissner corpuscles respond to?
light touch
Note 
Flashcard (44)