A&P Practicum 1 CBU BIO153L Anatomy & Physiology Lab (Sem 1) (Professor Heyman)

directional terms: superior (cranial/cephalad)

the head is superior to the abdomen

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; ABOVE

directional terms: inferior (caudal)

the navel is inferior to the chin

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; BELOW

directional terms: ventral (anterior)

the breastbone is anterior to the spine

toward or at the front of the body; IN FRONT OF

directional terms: dorsal (posterior)

the heart is posterior to the breastbone

toward or at the back of the body; BEHIND

directional terms: medial

the heart is medial to the arm

toward or at the midline of the body; ON THE INNER SIDE OF

directional terms: median (midsagittal) plane

anterior & posterior

directional terms: frontal plane

medial & lateral

directional terms: transverse plane

superior & inferior

direction terms: lateral

the arms are lateral to the chest

away from the midline of the body; ON THE OUTER SIDE OF

direction terms: intermediate

the collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

direction terms: proximal

the elbow is proximal to the wrist

closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

direction terms: distal

the knee is distal to the thigh

farther from the origin of a body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

direction terms: superficial (external)

the skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles

toward or at the body surface

direction terms: deep (internal)

the lungs are deep to the skin

away from the body surface; MORE INTERNAL

dorsal body cavity

contains cranial cavity & vertebral cavity

ventral caviry

contains thoracic cavity & abdominopelvic cavity

cranial cavity

(contains brain)

vertebral cavity

contains spinal cord

thoracic cavity

contains heart & lungs
(superior mediastinum, pleural cavity, pericardial cavity within mediastinum)

abdominal cavity

contains digestive viscera

pelvic cavity

contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

four basic tissue types and basic function

epithelial tissue- covering
connective tissue- movement
muscle tissue- movement
nervous tissue- control

simple squamous epithelium

example: alveoli of lung
function: diffusion and filtration

a single layer thick; flattened and scale like

simple cuboidal epithelium

example: kidney tubules
function: secretion and absorption

a single layer thick; box-like, cube

simple columnar epithelium

example: digestive tract
function: secretion of mucous/ absorption

a single layer thick; tall, column-like

stratified squamous epithelium

example: epidermis of skin
function: protects from abrasion

transitional epithelium

example: unitary bladder
function: stretches

pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

example: trachea
function: produces and moves mucous

two or more layers thick and involved in protection; tall column-like ciliated

skeletal muscle

example: biceps
function: voluntary movement

cardiac muscle

example: heart
function: pumps blood

smooth muscle

example: hollow organs (uterus, stomach)
function: involuntary movement of substances

blood (connective)

examples:, blood vessels
function: transports gases and nutrients

bone (connective)

examples: bones
function: support, protects, allows movement by muscle

fibrocartilage (connective)

example: intervertebral discs
function: shock absorbers

dense regular (connective)

example: tendons
function: connects muscle to bone

areolar (connective)

example: under epithelial tissue throughout body
function: wraps and cushions organs

adipose (connective)

example: fat
function: energy storage, insulation and protection

elastic (connective)

example: aorta
function: recoils if stretched

nervous tissue (neurons)

example: brain, spinal cord and nerves
function: transmits electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors

Interphase

perfect circle- DNA is replicated, cell prepares for mitosis

Prophase

cloudy circle- chromatin condenses making the chromosomes visible

Cytokinesis

two identical daughter cells

Telophase

goggles- daughter chromosomes reach the poles and form two new nuclei

Anaphase

oval- sister chromatids desperate and resultant daughter chromosomes move toward poles

Metaphase

middle- chromosomes become aligned at the equatorial plane

the cell: ribosomes

composed of RNA and protein
attached to the rough ER or floating freely
sites of protein synthesis

the cell: ER (endoplasmic reticulum)

rough ER: provide area for storage and transport of the proteins made on ribosomes to other cell areas.

smooth ER: no function in protein synthesis. site of steroid and lipid synthesis

the cell: Golgi appartatus

found close to the nucleus
packaging proteins

the cell: lysosomes

digestive enzymes

the cell: peroxisomes

contains oxidase enzymes that detoxify (alcohol, hydrogen peroxide and other harmful chemicals)

the cell: mitochondria

"the powerhouse of the cell"
produce cellular energy (ATP)

the cell: centrioles

direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division: form the bases of cilia and flagella
close to the nucleus

the cell: cytoskeletal elements (microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules)

provide cellular support (function in intracellular transport)

microfilaments made up of actin (IMPORTANT IN CELL MOBILITY)

intermediate filaments made up of a variety of proteins and resist mechanical forces acting upon the cell

microtubules form the internal structure of the centrioles and help determine cell shape

axial skeleton

the "axis"
skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage

appendicular skeleton

the "appendages"
arms, legs (and shoulders and hips)

foramen

hole or opening in a bone

fossae

basin-like depression in bone

Condyle

a smooth round projection on bone

concha

bone curled like a sea shell

Fossa

depression or hollow in a bone or other part of the body

Meatus

Canal in a bone

ramus

bony projection

Fossae

basin-like depressions in bone

suture

an immovable fibrous joint

articulation

joint between bones

articulate

to form a joint

frontal bone

supraorbital notch

parietal bone

temporal bone (exterior)

temporal bone (interior)

internal acoustic meatus

internal acoustic meatus

occipital bone

ethmoid bone

(crista galli, cribiform plate, middle nasal conchae, perpendicular plate)

cribriform plate

sphenoid bone

(greater wing)

ramus

a bony projection

condyle

a smooth prominence (rounded projection) on a bone

concha

bone curled like a sea shell

fossa

a depression or hollow in a bone or other part of the body

supraorbital foramen (notch)

(greater wings, and lesser wings, sella turcica, optic canal, foramen ovale)

cribriform plate

(ethmoid bone)

glabella

coronal suture

sagittal suture

squamous suture

zygomatic process

mandibular fossa (side)

mandibular fossa (inferior view)

external acoustic meatus

styloid process

mastoid process

jugular foramen

carotid canal

lambdoid suture

foramen magnum

occipital condyle

external occipital crest

greater wing

(sphenoid bone)