Unit 11: Unification and Imperialism

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country; In the 1800s, the idea if it based on language group (especially in the German and Italian states) became more intense.

Romantic Idealism

This is the 19th century movement in which writers, musicians, and artists (e.g. the Grimm brothers) celebrated their people's history, folk legends, and traditions -- it helped encourage the growth of nationalism

Grimm Brothers

German cultural researchers that collected and published German folklore, especially fairy tales

Richard Wagner

German composer of operas and nationalistic music

Chauvinism

As a result of growing nationalism in Europe, this mindset became more common in which one develops an exaggerated, aggressive sense of one nation's superiority to other peoples

Antisemitism

Prejudice against Jews

Pogrom

An organized massacre of a particular ethnic group, such as occurred in particular to Jews in Russia and Eastern Europe in the 1800s

Napoleon III

Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, who became President of the French Second Republic in 1848. When unable to run for a second term, he seized power and declared himself Emperor.

Second French Empire

The imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France.

Queen Victoria

British monarch, under whose rule (1837-1901) the British Empire reached the height of its wealth and power

Redesign of Paris

Under Napoleon III; Boulevards, parks, and updated sewage and other infrastructure implemented.

Giuseppe Mazzini

Italian nationalist whose writings spurred the movement for a unified and independent Italy (1805-1872); Leader of "Young Italy."

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian nationalist leader an charismatic general who conquered southern Italy (Kingdom of the Two-Sicilies) and then united it with the north to achieve Italian unification.

Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia

The largest and most powerful of Italian states, ruled by Victor Emmanuel II, which eventually united most of Italy under its control in 1861.

King Victor Emmanuel II

The King of Piedmont-Sardinia that appointed Cavour his Prime Minister and worked to unite Italy; First King of Italy.

Camillo di Cavour

Prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia who unified northern Italy through diplomacy and realpolitik.

The Risorgimento

The Italian unification movement (means "Resurgence" in Italian)

The Red Shirts

Garibaldi's army of Italian nationalists

France

This country helped Piedmont-Sardinia kick the Austrians out of much of Northern Italy in 1859

Zionism

A movement to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine

Theodore Herzl

Austrian journalist and founder of the Zionist movement urging the creation of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.

Crimean War

War fought in 1853-1856 between the Russian Empire on one side and an alliance of the British Empire, French Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia on the other. The main causes were the Ottoman Empire's decline and Russia's attempt to gain more power in the Black Sea area.

Otto von Bismarck

Prussian chancellor who led the effort to unify Germany under Prussian control; Master of realpolitik.

Realpolitik

German for "the politics of reality"; Realistic politics based on the needs of the state; Ruthlessness; Bismarck most known for it.

Prussia

Kingdom in northern Germany known for its military power; Eventually unified most of Germany under its control in 1871.

Zolverein

Prussian-led German customs union founded in 1834 to stimulate trade and increase revenues of member states. - Austria was NOT included but all other German states were.

Kleindeutsch

Meaning "small German." The argument that the German-speaking portions of the Habsburg Empire should be excluded from a united Germany.

Grossdeutsch

This means "great German;" It was the argument that the German speaking portions of the Habsburg Empire should be included in a united Germany.

Austria

Empire ruled by the Habsburgs, the former rulers of the Holy Roman Empire. While part of it was German-speaking, many other areas were not (Hungarian, Czech, Romanian, Polish, etc.).

Denmark

Prussia and Austria defeated this country in a war in 1864 over the territories of Schleswig-Holstein

Austro-Prussian War or Seven Weeks War

War in 1866 in which the Prussians defeated the Austrians; Helped unify all of northern Germany into the North German Confederation under the control of Prussia.

Franco-Prussian War

War between France and the North German Confederation under the control of Prussia in 1870-1871. Masterfully provoked by Bismarck, the German victory resulted in the overthrow of Napoleon III in France and the unification of most of Germany under the control of Prussia.

German Empire

The name of the new unified Germany (not including Austria); Led by the German Emperor, or Kaiser; Lasted from 1871 to the end of World War I in 1918.

Wilhelm I

King of Prussia from 1861; Became the first German Emperor in 1871; Ruled until 1888.

Wilhelm II

German Emperor from 1888-1918; Very conservative and intensely nationalistic; Became emperor upon the death of his more liberal father (Frederick III), who had only ruled for a few months; Dismissed Bismarck and set Europe on the path to World War I with his aggressive foreign policy.

Kulturkampf

Bismarck's anticlerical campaign to expel Jesuits from Germany and break off relations with Vatican. Eventually, after little success, Bismarck halted these policies.

Alsace-Lorraine

Territory taken by Germany from France as a result of the Franco-Prussian War; Was later returned after the French victory in World War I.

Dreyfus Affair

Incident in France where a Jewish officer (Alfred Dreyfus) was falsely convicted of treason because of antisemitism; Divided France in the 1890s and showed how powerful antisemitism was even in Western Europe.

Franz Josef

Emperor of Austria-Hungary from 1848-1916

Dual-Monarchy

Settlement in 1867 whereby the Austrian Empire split into two parts: Austria (ruled directly from Vienna as before) and Hungary (ruled from Budapest to allow the Magyars/Hungarians more self government). The Habsburg emperor was still the overall ruler.

Tsar Alexander II

Russian Tsar from 1855-1881 who attempted reform (emancipation of serfs in 1861 and the establishment of Zemstvos); Assassinated in 1881.

Tsar Alexander III

Tsar of Russia from 1881-1894 who strongly resisted the liberal movement emerging in Russia at the time. Undid many of his father's liberal reforms, but allowed institutions like Zemstvos to continue. Extremely reactionary.

New Imperilism

The late 19th century drive by European countries to create vast political empires abroad

Charles Darwin

English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection" (1859) set forth his theory of evolution.

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

"White Man's Burden"

The idea that European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized; Gets its name from a famous poem by Rudyard Kipling.

Herbert Spencer

English philosopher and sociologist who applied Darwin's theory of natural selection to human societies; Helped spread the idea of Social Darwinism.

Congo

Belgian colony in central Africa where horrible atrocities occurred

King Leopold II

King of Belgium who set off a scramble among European powers for African colonies in the late 1800s; Ruled the Congo with extreme cruelty.

Berlin Conference of 1884

To avoid war with each other over African territory, European countries met here to decide how to divide up Africa (Africans not invited)

Scramble for Africa

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s

Britain

This country ruled Egypt, the Sudan, Kenya, Nigeria, Ghana, and most of what is today Zimbabwe, Botswana, and South Africa.

France

This country ruled most of what is today West Africa.

Mission Civilisatrice

Idea that led French imperialists to implant French culture, language, and Roman Catholicism throughout the colonies

Rivalries

Each country wanted to gain more colonies than each other due to __________ among the Great Powers

Second Industrial Revolution

Increase in industrialization and technology from c. 1870-1914. It Involved development of chemical, electrical, oil, and steel industries, better communication and transportation, and mass consumerism. It allowed European countries to dominate their colonies.

Louis Pasteur

A French chemist who discovered the process of pasteurization to kill bacteria in food and liquids

Telegraph

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s, and grew in the later 1800s.

Steamships

Ships powered by steam engines which replaced sailing ships in the mid-1800s.

Suez Canal

A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea; The British wanted to control it to maintain access to their colonies in Africa and Asia.

British

The ___________ ruled India as a colony during the age of Imperialism.

Ethiopia and Liberia

Only two nations in Africa not to be colonized by Europeans

Triple Alliance

Alliance in the late 1800s of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Entente Cordiale

The 1904 "gentleman's agreement" between France and Britain establishing a close understanding that they would each support each other in a war

Triple Entente

A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.

The Balkans

The region of southeastern Europe now occupied by Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, the European part of Turkey, and the former republics of Yugoslavia; In the late 1800s-early 1900s, the region was very unstable and violent.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Territory in the Balkans annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908

Serbia

The Ottoman province in the Balkans that rose up against Turkish control in the early 1800s. Terrorists from here (the "Black Hand") triggered WWI since many Serbs lived in the Austro-Hungarian Empire and they wanted to split off and join independent Serbia. After World War II it became the central province of Yugoslavia.

tea, porcelain, silk

Chinese goods desired by Europeans

Opium

When the British had an unfavorable balance of trade with China, they flooded China with this drug in order to force China to need something the British could then sell them.

Opium Wars in China

Wars triggered by the public health crisis caused by Britain flooding China with opium to control trade in the mid-1800s

Spheres of influence

An area where an outside power claims exclusive economic or political power; As a result of the Opium Wars and the Boxer Rebellion, many European countries gained spheres of influence in China.

Boxer Rebellion

A 1900 revolt in China, aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.

Quinine

A drug that proved effective in controlling attacks of malaria, which had previously decimated Europeans in the tropics.

Joseph Lister

English surgeon who was the first to use antiseptics (1827-1912). Hint: Listerine is named for him!

Germ Theory

The theory that infectious diseases are caused by certain microbes

Anesthesia

Surgical technique pioneered in the 1800s that caused patients to lose sensation in all or part of the body, thereby allowing surgery to be performed.

Machine guns

An automatic gun that fires bullets in rapid succession for as long as the trigger is pressed; Helped the Europeans dominate their colonies.

Breech loading rifle

A firearm in which the cartridge or shell is inserted or loaded into a chamber integral to the rear portion of a barrel.

Daguerreotype

An early photographic process employing an iodine-sensitized silvered plate and mercury vapor.

Protectorate

A country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power.

Joseph Conrad

Author of "Heart of Darkness," which exposed atrocities in Belgian Congo

Congo Reform Association

A group formed to aid the exploited and impoverished workforce of the Congo by drawing attention to their plight.

Sepoy Rebellion

The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny; Led to the British taking direct control of India from the British East India Company.

Morocco Crisis and Fashoda Crisis

Two examples of the many crises that occurred from 1870-1914 as the European countries were rivals for colonial territory; Almost plunged Europe into war, but they were able to hold off each time until the start of World War I in 1914.

Railroads

Expanded during the Second Industrial Revolution; Allowed for greater transportation throughout Europe, as well as easier domination of the colonies.

Meiji Restoration

The modernization and industrialization of Japan in the late 1800's