History Midterm

Paleolithic Revolution vs Neolithic Revolution

Paleolithic- stone age where people were nomads (traveled for resources)

Neolithic- New stone age where they settled into farming communities and domesticated animals

Sumerian achievements:

Cuneiform (writing), record keeping, the wheel, ziggurats (pyramids)

Polytheism

the belief in many gods

Code of Hammurabi

first written collection of laws (focused on punishment of criminals)

Judaism & its Holy book

one of the oldest monotheistic religions; The Torah Holy book- religion of Jewish people

Hebrews

River Valley civilizations (where/how did they develop? Why were they important & successful?)

Egypt along the Nile, China along Yellow River, Indus Valley, and Mesopotamia (between Tigris and Euphrates)

Successful due to fertile land and facilitated transportation and trade

Mesopotamia

formed in the Fertile Crescent and became successful for its agriculture

Pharaoh

ruler of ancient Egypt

Theocracy

Religious government ruled by a religious figure (usually based on their religious texts)

ex. Egypt

Caste system

social system (determined jobs a person would have and their social privileges)

Buddhism (beliefs)

Goal was to achieve enlightenment and follow the Four noble truths

Mandate of Heaven

rule by the will of the gods

Oracle bones

used to predict the future and/or get answers about important matters

Great Wall of China (who built it, expanded it, purpose)

Qin dynasty, Ming expanded, the purpose was to protect from invasions.

Silk Road

one of the largest trade routes in Ancient China

increased cultural interaction

Confucianism

Philosophical and ethical way of thinking founded by Confucius

Shi Huangdi

First emperor of China (Great wall and Terracotta army)

Liu Bang

founder of Han dynasty, developed Great Wall further

Safavid Empire

Gunpowder empire/dynasty with Islam religion

Contributions by the Ancient Greeks (esp. type of government)

Democracy, republic, Socratic method, constitution, military.

Sparta

ruled by a monarchy

women had more rights

prioritized strength and discipline

famous Greek army

Alexander the Great

King of Macedonia, successful military commander

Hellenism

Influence of Greek Culture after Alexander the Great’s conquests

Octavian

Caesar’s nephew/adopted son

”bread and circuses”

Free entertainment/food for the poor- distracted them from the real issues they were facing.

Achievements for Rome

Aqueduct- supplied cities and agricultural lands with water (improved public health)

Arches

Senate had significant influence

Republic

Feudalism

social system where people worked for lords in exchange for land/protection

Roman Catholic Church during Middle Ages

a powerful institution, wielding significant religious, political, and economic influence,

Byzantine Empire & Constantine

aka eastern Roman Empire divided into a Christian state (second longest Roman empire ruler: Constantine- called Constantinople (modern day Istanbul) after himself))

Islam founder

Prophet Muhammed

Islam beliefs

monotheistic belief in Allah and Five Pillars of Islam

Monotheism

belief in one god

The Black Death

Europe Bubonic Plague (carried by rats and fleas)

Killed about 1/3 of Europe population

Cause of Renaissance

more cultures interacted and gave inspiration (came with Byzantine Empire fall)

artists of Renaissance

Michelangelo, Titan, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael

secularism

shift from religious influence to the world around them

Protestant Reformation

religious movement that challenged the authority of the churches

Martin Luther

German monk/ theology professor; Lutheranism creator and banned indulgences

printing press

95 Theses spread across Europe as a result.

indulgences

forgiveness of sins (lessening of time in purgatory)

95 Thesis

arguments against indulgences

Exploration in the late 1400s change in society

allowed for communities/societies to interact with each other

Hernan Cortes

caused fall of Aztec empire and claimed Mexico for Spain

Roman Catholic Church

pope called for crusade

Triangular Trade

transatlantic trade network connecting Europe (capital), Africa(labor), and the Americas(land and resources)

Middle Passage

terrible journey of slaves across the Atlantic Ocean and Triangular Trade

Genghis Khan (which empire was he in charge of?)

Mongol Empire

Ottoman Empire known as a _______ Empire

Gunpowder

Ottoman Empire religion

Sunni Muslim

Ottoman Empire capital

 Constantinople

Why did they rename the Hagia Sophia?

Hagia Sophia turned from a Christian Church (Eastern Orthodox Catholic) to a Mosque. Additionally, (although not on the test) the Hagia Sophia from 1935-2020 operated as a national museum. 

Meso & South American cultures

the Aztecs perform human sacrifices, the Incas built their capital at Machu Picchu, the Mayans were advanced in literacy and numerical skills (calendar)

Columbian Exchange

exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and ideas between the Americas and Europe, Asia, and Africa (15th century- cause: Christopher Columbus)

Akbar’s religion accomplishments

religious tolerance, good tax, Mughal economy, and created a blended religion (Din-I-Illahi)

Henry VIII & the Church of England

he replaced the pope, causing division between protestants and Catholics (He was angry they wouldn’t let him get a divorce)

Absolute Monarch

king/queen hold all the power

Spanish Armada

130-ship naval fleet invasion of England (hopes of removing Queen Elizabeth I from the throne)

Louis XIV

absolute monarch- in charge of military, politics, economy, and religion

Edict of Nantes

signed to grant Huguenots limited freedom to worship (doesn’t need to follow monarch’s religion anymore)

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

Catholic Queen of France ordered killing of Huguenots in Paris (furthered the divide)

Glorious Revolution

King James II → William and Mary (peaceful shift) absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy

Peter the Great (Russia- accomplishments)

westernization of Russia, expansion, and founding St. Petersburg

Queen Elizabeth I religion

Protestant

Spanish Armada

attempt to remove Queen Elizabeth I from the throne

Queen Elizabeth relationship with Parliament

tightly controlled by Queen Elizabeth and complex

Thomas Hobbes

Natural rights and social contract

John Locke

natural rights, consent of the people, right to revolution, and democracy

Rousseau

social contract and direct democracy

Montesquieu

Separation of powers, checks and balances, and due process

Voltaire

freedom of press and religion

Descartes

scientific laws

Diderot

Popularized ideas of the Enlightenment by assembling a collection of articles

Adam Smith

capitalism and laissez faire (economy should be left alone by gov.)

Mary Wollstonecraft

Women’s rights

Impact of Enlightenment Thinkers:

Declaration of Independence, Constitution (including the Bill of Rights)

India Geography

Himalayan Mountains

Ganges River

Indus River

Indian Ocean

Song Dynasty

Innovations: Paper money, compass, gunpowder

Expansions in trade happened because of tech

Tang Dynasty

Innovations: woodblock printing and porcelain

Advances in art and literature

Africa Geography

Atlas Mountains

Atlantic and Indian Oceans

Sahara desert

Nile River

Congo River Basin

Greece Terrain

Hilly and rocky

Surrounded by many seas

Not unified (city-states)

Helots

Serfs (in between slave and citizen)

Homer

wrote Iliad and Odyssey

Romulus and Remus

Founders of Rome

Rape of Sabines

How Rome got their women

Pax Romana

era of Peace in Rome

Middle Ages known as… (for Europe)

Dark Ages

powerful leader (Rome) during Pax Romana:

Augustus

Battle of Marathon

Empty field where Greeks/Persians fought for the 1st time

Battle of Thermopylae

Blocked Persians for days, allowing Athenians to escape

Leonidas and 300 Spartans

suicide mission

Whale vs Elephant

Whale = Athens

vs.

Elephant = Spartans

Why was the caste system accepted for so long?

it was deeply connected to principles of reincarnation

motto of France

Liberte (freedom) egalite (equality) fraternite (fraternity)

Liberté, égalité, fraternité

Main players in English civil war

King Charles I, who led the Royalists, and Oliver Cromwell (One was that he executed King Charles I, and established a republic.

responsible for Taj Mahal

Shah Jahan