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Deviance

Behavior, thoughts, or emotions that differ significantly from a society's norms and cultural standards.

Distress

Unpleasant behaviors, thoughts, or emotions that cause anxiety, sorrow, or pain to the individual.

Dysfunction

Behavior that interferes significantly with daily functioning and impairs a person's self-care abilities.

Danger

Careless or hostile behavior that places the individual or people around them at risk of harm.

Psychological Abnormality

Psychological functioning identified through the four main factors of deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger.

Treatment (Therapy)

A systematic procedure designed to change abnormal behavior into more normal behavior, requiring a patient, a therapist, and a series of therapeutic contacts.

Trephination

An ancient operation in which a stone instrument was used to cut away a circular section of the skull to release evil spirits.

Exorcism

A historical practice used to drive out or coax evil spirits from a person's body.

Hippocrates

Greek physician known as the father of modern medicine who was the first to suggest that abnormal behavior arises from internal natural causes.

Johann Weyer

German physician considered the founder of the modern study of psychopathology; believed the mind could become sick just like the body.

Gheel

A town in Belgium that established the world's first community-based mental health program.

Bethlehem Hospital

A historical asylum in London where patients with mental illnesses were displayed to the paying public.

Philippe Pinel and William Tuke

Reformers in France and England, respectively, who pioneered moral treatment and improved conditions within mental health facilities.

Benjamin Rush

American physician who developed humane treatments for mental illness at Pennsylvania Hospital, emphasizing personal interactions, talks, and walks.

Somatogenic Perspective

The view that abnormal psychological functioning has physical or biological root causes.

Psychogenic Perspective

The view that the chief causes of abnormal psychological functioning are psychological in nature.

Emil Kraepelin

Psychiatrist who published an influential textbook in 1883 linking physical conditions and mental illness.

Franz Anton Mesmer

Physician who demonstrated the psychogenic treatment of mental illness through early forms of hypnosis.

Psychotropic Medications

Drugs that primarily affect the brain and reduce symptoms of mental health disorders.

Deinstitutionalization

The practice of discharging large numbers of patients from public mental hospitals to community treatment settings following the discovery of psychotropic drugs.

Positive Psychology

The study and enhancement of positive feelings, traits, and abilities such as optimism, happiness, and altruism, associated with Martin Seligman.

Multicultural Psychology

The field of psychology that examines how culture, race, ethnicity, gender, and similar factors affect human thoughts and behaviors.

Managed Care Program

An insurance system in which the coverage provider determines session costs, number of sessions, practitioners, and qualifying mental health treatments.

Biological Model

A model of abnormality stating that understanding a patient's biological and anatomical condition is necessary to explain their behaviors.

Psychodynamic Model

The psychological model formulated by Sigmund Freud that sees abnormal behavior as determined by unconscious psychological forces.

Cognitive-Behavioral Model

A model focusing on both observable behaviors and underlying thought processes to explain and treat psychological functioning.

Humanistic-Existential Model

A model asserting that human beings are naturally value-based, goal-oriented, and inclined toward self-actualization.

Sociocultural Model

A perspective that views abnormal behavior as best understood through the broad social, cultural, and family forces that influence an individual.

Paradigm (Model)

A set of basic assumptions and concepts that provides a framework for organizing and interpreting clinical observations and treatments.

Case Study

A detailed description and analysis of a single individual, group, or phenomenon within a real-life setting.

Chris Sizemore

A famous clinical case study patient diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder, whose distinct alter egos included Eve Black, Eve White, and Jane.

Correlation Method

A research procedure used to determine how much two variables vary along with each other.

Positive Correlation

A statistical relationship in which two variables change together in the same direction.

Negative Correlation

A statistical relationship in which an increase in one variable corresponds to a decrease in another.

Experimental Method

A research procedure in which an independent variable is manipulated and the effect on a dependent variable is observed.

Independent Variable

The variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the researcher.

Dependent Variable

The variable in an experiment that is observed or measured to see if it changes as a result of the researcher's manipulation.

Matched Design

An experimental design in which participants are matched on specific background characteristics across experimental and control groups.

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A committee responsible for reviewing clinical research projects to ensure the ethical protection, voluntary participation, and safety of human subjects.