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Development
A progressive series of changes that occur in a predictable pattern as a result of interactions between biological and environmental factors.
Biological factors
Genetic influences, brain chemistry, hormone levels, nutrition, and gender that affect human behavior.
Environmental factors
Elements such as social, emotional, economic, and physical conditions that influence development.
Fixation
A psychological condition where a person's attachment to a specific object or activity persists from childhood into adulthood.
Psychosocial conflict
A crisis in Erikson's theory that an individual needs to overcome to move successfully to the next stage of development.
Cognitive development
The development of the ability to think and reason, particularly in children, as described by Jean Piaget.
Sensorimotor stage
The first stage of Piaget's cognitive development where the child learns through sensory experiences from birth to 2 years.
Pre-operational stage
The second stage of cognitive development where the child's thinking is egocentric and they begin to use symbols, occurring from 2 to 7 years.
Concrete Operational Stage
The third stage of cognitive development, from 8 to 11 years, where the child begins to use logical reasoning and understand classifications.
Formal Operational Stage
The final stage of cognitive development, emerging between 11 to 15 years, where abstract reasoning and logical thinking develop.
Moral reasoning
The process involved in how individuals think about right and wrong and how they develop moral rules.
Trust vs. Mistrust
The first psychosocial stage, focused on the infant’s basic needs and whether they are met by caregivers.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
The second psychosocial stage where children develop a sense of independence and confidence.
Initiative vs. Guilt
The third psychosocial stage where children assert control and initiate activities, leading to a sense of purpose.
Generativity vs. Stagnation
The seventh psychosocial stage focused on the individual's contribution to society and sense of productivity.
Psychosexual development
Freud's theory which proposes that personality develops through a series of childhood stages, each characterized by different erogenous zones.
Oedipus complex
Freudian concept describing a child's feelings of desire for their opposite-sex parent and rivalry with their same-sex parent.
Erik Erikson
Psychologist known for developing the psychosocial stages of development.
Jean Piaget
Psychologist who developed a theory on the cognitive development of children.
Lawrence Kohlberg
Psychologist who studied moral development and reasoning.
Identity vs. Role Confusion
The fifth psychosocial stage where adolescents explore their sense of self and identity.
Habituation
A decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations.
Attachment
The emotional bond between an infant and their caregiver.
Nature vs. Nurture
A debate regarding the relative importance of genetic inheritance (nature) and environmental factors (nurture) in determining behavior and development.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
A type of psychotherapy that focuses on changing unhelpful cognitive distortions and behaviors.
Developmental milestones
Key skills or abilities that most children can do by a certain age, such as walking or talking.
Resilience
The ability to recover quickly from difficulties or adapt well to challenging situations.
Socialization
The process by which individuals learn and adopt the norms, values, and behaviors appropriate to their culture.
Gender Identity
A person's deeply-felt internal experience of gender, which may or may not correspond with the sex assigned at birth.
Adolescent Development
The period of development that occurs from ages 12 to 18, marked by physical, emotional, and social changes.
Cultural Development
The evolution and changes of cultural practices, beliefs, and values over time within a society.
