APUSH Chapter 18 The Victorians Make the Modern (1880-1917)

Plessy v. Ferguson (p. 577)

An 1896 Supreme Court case that ruled that racially segregated railroad cars and other public facites, if they claimed to be "separate but equal," were permissible according to the 14th Amendment

Young Men's Christian Association (p. 580)

Introduced in Boston in 1851, the YMCA promoted muscular Christianity, combining evangelism with athletic facilities where men could make themselves "clean and strong"

Negro Leagues (p. 581)

All--African American professional baseball teams where black men could showcase athletic ability and race pride

-The leagues thrived until the desegregation of baseball after WWII

Sierra Club (p. 583)

An organization founded in 1892 that was dedicated to the enjoyment and preservation of America's great Mountains and wilderness environments

-Encouraged by such groups, national and state gov'ts began to set aside more public lands for preservation and recreation

National Park Service (p. 583)

A federal agency founded in 1916 that provided comprehensive oversight of the growing system of ________

National Audubon Society (p. 583)

Named in honor of antebellum naturalist John James ______, a national organization formed in 1901 the advocated for broader gov't protections for wildlife

Comstock Act (p. 585)

An 1873 law that prohibited circulation of "obscene literature" defined as including most info on sex, reproduction and birth control

liberal arts (p. 587)

A form of education pioneered by President Charles W. Eliot at Harvard University, whereby students choose from a range of electives, shaping their own curricula as they developed skills in research, critical thinking, and research

Atlanta Compromise (p. 587)

An 1895 address by Booker T. Washington that urged white and African Americans to work together for the progress of all

-Delivered at the Cotton States Exposition in Atlanta, the speech was widely interpreted as approving racial segregation

maternalism (p. 589)

The belief the women should contribute to civic and political life through their special talents as mothers, Christians, and moral guides

-_______ists put this ideology into action by creating dozens of social reform organizations

Woman's Christian Temperance Union (p. 589)

An organization advocating the prohibition of liquor that spread rapidly after 1879, when charismatic Frances Willard became it's leader

-Advocating suffrage and a host of reform activities, it launched tens of thousands of women into public life and was the first nationwide organization to identify and condemn domestic violence

National Association of Colored Women (p. 591)

An organization created in 1896 by African American women to provide community support

-Through its local clubs, the ______ arranged for the care of orphans, founded homes for the elderly, advocated temperance, and undertook public health campaigns

National American Woman Suffrage Association (p. 592)

Women's suffrage organization created in 1890 by the union of the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Suffrage Association

-Up to national radification of suffrage in 1920, the ______ played a central role ok campaigning for women's right to vote

feminism (p. 592)

The ideology that wen should enter the public sphere not only to work on behalf of others, but also for their own equal rights and advancement

-______ists moved beyond advocacy of women's voting rights to seek greater autonomy in professional careers property rights, and personal relationships

natural selection (p. 594)

Charles Darwin's theory that when individual members of species are born with random genetic mutations that better suit them for their environment--for ex, camouflage coloring for a moth--these characteristics, since they are genetically transmissible, become dominant in future generations

Social Darwinism (p. 594)

An idea actually formulated not by Charles Darwin but by British philosopher and sociologist Herbert Spencer, and human society advanced through ruthless competition and the "survival of the fittest"

eugenics (p. 594)

An emerging "science" of human breeding in the late 19th century that argued that mentally deficient people should be prevented from reproducing

realism (p. 594)

A movement that called for writers and artists to picture daily life as precisely and truly as possible

naturalism (p. 594)

A literary movement that suggested that human beings were not so much rational agents and shapers of their own destinies as blind victims of forces beyond their control

modernism (p. 595)

A movement that questioned the ideals of progress and order, rejected realism, and emphasized new cultural forms

-______ became the 1st great literary and artistic movement of the 20th century and remains influential today

American Protective Association (p. 600)

A powerful political organization of militant Protestants, which a brief period in the 1890s counted more than 2 million members

-In its virulent anti-Catholicism and calls for restrictions on immigrants. The ______ prefigured the revived Ku Klux Klan of the 1920z

Social Gospel (p. 600)

A movement to renew religious faith through dedication to public welfare and social justice, reforming both society and the self through Christian service

fundamentalism (p. 602)

A term adopted by Protestants, between the 1890s and 1910s, who rejected modernism and historical interpretations of Scripture and asserted the literal truth of the Bible

-_______ have historically seen secularism and religious relative as markers of sin that will be punished by God

Thomas Edison (p. 576)

American inventor and businessman, who has been described as America's greatest inventor.He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and the long-lasting, practical electric light bulb.

John Muir (p. 583)

AScottish-American naturalist, author, environmental philosopher, glaciologist and early advocate for the preservation of wilderness in the United States. His letters, essays, and books describing his adventures in nature, especially in the Sierra Nevada, have been read by millions. His activism has helped to preserve the Yosemite Valley, Sequoia National Park and many other wilderness areas. The Sierra Club, which he co-founded, is a prominent American conservation organization.

Booker T. Washington (p. 587)

Was an American educator, author, orator, and adviser to presidents of the United States. Between 1890 and 1915, Washington was the dominant leader in the African-American community.

Washington was a key proponent of African-American businesses and one of the founders of the National Negro Business League. As lynchings in the South reached a peak in 1895, Washington gave a speech, known as the "Atlanta compromise", which brought him national fame.

-From Alabama

Frances Willard (p. 589)

Was an American educator, temperance reformer, and women's suffragist. Her influence was instrumental in the passage of the Eighteenth (Prohibition) and Nineteenth (Women Suffrage) Amendments to the United States Constitution.

Ida B. Wells (p. 591)

was an African-American journalist, newspaper editor, suffragist, sociologist, feminist, Georgist, and an early leader in the Civil Rights Movement. She was one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909.

Mark Twain

Was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer. Among his novels are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and its sequel, the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), the latter often called "The Great American Novel".

Billy Sunday (p. 602)

Was an American athlete who, after being a popular outfielder in baseball's National League during the 1880s, became the most celebrated and influential American evangelist during the first two decades of the 20th century.

-converted to Christianity

-strong supporter of Prohibition