midieval religion and politics

Problems in thechurch

Married priests, simony, lay investiture

Simony

Bribery for positions in church. Sold by bishop. People forced to pay for sacraments

Lay investiture

appointment of bishops, abbots, and other church officials by feudal lords and vassals

Cluny monastery

Benediction monastery, known for monastic reform, spiritual renual, spiritual discipline, religious purity. Serves as guide

Church structure by 1100'S

Structured like a kingdom

Curia set up

Canon law

Church reforms

Collected taxes, performed social services, and operated many hospitals. Normally all gout jobs

Pope controls

Social, political, and even judicial

Eventually friars travel

First example of missionary

Ex of friars traveling

St Dominic and Francis of Assisi

Romanesque churches replaced by

Gothic style

Gothic style (Germanic tribe)

Filled with high ceilings, and large stained glasswindows

Cathedrals

Cities of God

Mappa mondi

Medieval map of Europe, religious not true/ accurate.

Circular world on map=

Idea of infinity

(Never ending cycle) mm

Beginning → Caesar Augustus, medieval present → Norseman and hunter, end → last judgement

never ending cycle

Antiquity to present eternal

Medieval Christian world (mm)

Oriented, leaning to the east = top of the earthly world = garden of Eden

World of the crusades

Jerusalem = navel of the world, earthly = church of the holy sepulcher, heavenly= revelation 21: 10-12 st John

The other

Used for Muslims coming from Middle East

Crusade literature

Filled with enemy as dark, unclean, barbarous, and sexually perverse

Monstrous races at the edge of the world represented to be the other

Believed to be signs of Gods displeasure = recalled dehumanizing descriptions invented during centuries of warfare invented during centuries of warfare with the Muslims

Pope urban II

Called for crusade to gain control of the Holy land from the Muslim invaders

How long are wars launched to recapture Jerusalem

200 years

The crusades

Religious war called by pope → "called by god himself “ mostly Christian vs Muslim

Inheritance

Eldest son got everything, other sons became became apart of church or knight

Decree by pope

If you die while fighting crusades you were assured a spot in heaven. Saw as vin-win opportunity. Also for wealth → stole, pillaged, stripped victims of their wealth

Reasons to fight crusades

Religious zeal, opportunity for wealth, adventure

First crusade date

1096 - 1099

first crusade

Pope calls to take back holy land, no plans takes year to get there, captures Jerusalem

When is Jerusalem captured in 1st crusade

July 15th 1099

Crusader states

In 1st crusade Jerusalem and surrounding states establishes into territories but due to no one being there to protect it Turks reclaim it

Second crusade

Organized to recapture city of Edessa. The city of Jerusalem had fallen to muslin leader Saladin

Saladin

Strong ruler in second crusade

Third crusade

French king Phillip Augustus and German emperor Frederick I and English king Richard the lion hearted vs Saladin of Muslim

1192

Truce that stated Jerusalem was under Muslim control while Christian pilgrims could freely visit the city

Fourth crusade

Pope innocent Ill appeals for crusade but loots Constantinople, causes breach between east and west

Crusading spirit dwindles

Crusades became more unsuccessful and was replaced by personal gain

Children's crusade

Teenagers believing they could go to Holy land with love to force hl over to them → majority of children die along way or taken into slavery

Reconquista

Specific to Spain, effort to drive the Muslims out of Spain

King Ferdinand and queen Isabella

Reconquista, attacks, kills, kickout as many Muslims as possible

Inquisition

Efforts to unify country under Christianity tribunals to stamp out heretics

Jews and Muslims during inquisition

Burned at stake, give up faith or die, even if they repent they still get tortured

Oxen

Replaced by horses to plow fields _harnesses used = output 2x

Three field system

Used portion of land for farming, left one part for 1-2 planting seasons lets soil and nutrients for following seasons

Guilds

Association of people who worked same occupation.

Masters of the trade

They come tg - set wages, standards -prices sothal were all on same page (union)

Usury

Christians not being able to handle money at interest

Jews in finance

Because of usury Jews became moneylenders and bankers. They lived in ghettos, never apart of tuedalism,

Food increase+stability+ universities= feel sate

Focus on bigger aspects like universities

Universities

Center of learning

Major universities here

Paris, France, Bologna, Italy

Vernacular

Common language

Romance lang

Focuses around latin-spoken while Latin written language

Dante

The divine comedy,Italian 1321

Geoffrey Chaucer

The Canterbury tales English 1387

Christine de Pusan

The city of ladies, French 1405

Major shift in writing

Starts out as only Church I religion, changes tonot

Thomas Aquino's

Argued basic truths cold be proved by logical argument, Catholic philosopher

Author of summa theologica

Thomas Aquinas

Scholastics

Scholars who debated

Alfred the great

Unites England by kicking out danish knights, 'coins Englands’

England

Land of the angles

Edward the confessor

Dies without heir, leaving England to one last great invasion

William Duke of Normandy

Invades England when Edward the confessor dies without male heir

Date of battle of Hastings

October 14, 1066

Battle of Hastings

Saxons defeated and William undisputed king of England

Harold goodwinson

Leader of Saxons,

William duke

Leader of Normandy , cousin of Edward the confessor, wants the throne

Normans vs Saxons

In battle of Hastings - harlod dies from arrow to hiseye, Saxons fall apart

William becomes

Undisputed king of England, assimilates to English way of life, gives out fiefs to powerful English lords, ask for loyalty