Bio 1406 Lab Exam 3 UPDATED

What is the image?

Interphase

What shows Interphase

Nucleus and nucleoli are visible. No chromosomes visible.

What is the image?

Prophase

What shows Prophase?

Chromosomes visible & disorganized. Nuclear membrane broken down.

What is the image?

Telophase

What shows Telophase?

Chromosomes are at poles and decondensing, New cell wall is forming at midline of cell.

What is the image?

Metaphase

What shows Metaphase

Chromosomes at midline of cell (look like eyelashes)

What shows Anaphase?

Chromosomes moving to opposite sides of cell , look like < >

What is the image?

Anaphase

Haploid

Cells containing 1 copy of each chromosome

Diploid

Cells containing 2 copies of each chromosome

Gamete

Sperm or egg

Germ

Diploid body cells that become gametes

Meiosis

Cell division for germ cells to make gametes

Mitosis

Cell division of somatic cells

Somatic

Typical body cells

Syngamy

Fertilization, fusion of egg and sperm

G2

Cell preps for division, making needed components

Mitosis

Cell is dividing

G1

Part of interphase, cell enlarges, gets signal to replicate, preps for DNA replication

S

DNA replicates

Interphase

Cell is not dividing, made of 3 parts

Cytokinesis

Cytoplasm splits into 2 cells

Anaphase

Spindle separates daughter chromosomes to opposite ends of cell

Prophase

Centrioles move to opposite poles

Telophase

Chromosomes decondense

Prophase

Nuclear envelope breaks down

Telophase

Nuclear envelope reforms

Metaphase

Sister chromatids line up in center of cell

Prophase

Chromosomes condense

Prophase

Spindle fibers begin to form

Anaphase

Centromeres divide, sister chromatids become separate chromosomes

Telophase

Spindle apparatus breaks down completely

Prophase (chromosome duplicated or unduplicated?)

Duplicated

Metaphase (chromosome duplicated or unduplicated?)

Duplicated

Telophase (chromosome duplicated or unduplicated?)

Unduplicated

G2 (chromosome duplicated or unduplicated?)

Duplicated

G1 (chromosome duplicated or unduplicated?)

Unduplicated

Anaphase (chromosome duplicated or unduplicated?)

Unduplicated

Anaphase

5%

Interphase

72.5%

Metaphase

2.5%

Prophase

12.5%

Telophase

7.5%

Mendel's law of independent assortment

Alleles of different genes sort independently of each other during gamete formation.

F2

2nd generation of offspring, from cross of two F1

Allele

A version of a gene that codes for a protein (Blonde vs Brown hair)

Dominant

Alleles express the dominant phenotype if at least one of this type of allele is present in genotype (unless incomplete or codominance). Indicated with capital letter

Genotype

Allele combination, such as homozygous dominant, heterozygous, homozygous recessive

Heterozygous

Alleles are different: one dominant other recessive

Monohybrid cross

Case of 1 character inheritance when both parents are heterozygous

Recessive

Alleles that express the recessive phenotype only if homozygous

Homozygous

Both Alleles are identical; both recessive or both dominant

Dihybrid cross

Case of 2 character inheritance when both parents are heterozygous in both characters

F1

First generation of offspring

Gene

Specific DNA nucleotide sequence that codes for a protein when expressed

True breeding

Parents with particular phenotype produce offspring with only the same phenotype, so parents homozygous for trait

Mendel's law of segregation

When individual makes gametes, 2 copies of gene separate, so each gamete gets 1 copy

Test cross

Organism with unknown genotype is crossed with homozygous recessive

Phenotype

Physical or behavioral expression of a gene

If parent is BB, gametes are

B

If parent is Bb, gametes are

B or b

If parent is TtGg, gametes are

TG, Tg, tG, tg

If parent is heterozygous for blood type A, what gametes will they make? (imagine the superscripts are working)

IA and IO

Make PUNNETT square for a cross between a male heterozygous with brown eyes and a woman with blue eyes.

Genotypic ratio: 0 BB : 2 Bb : 2bb

Phenotypic ratio: 2 Brown : 2 blue

The cross is aaBbCcDd x aaBbCCDD

What fraction of children will be aaBbCcDd?

1/8%

Dad can pass an X linked trait to his daughter

True

Dad can pass an X linked trait to his son

False

For this Pedigree:

Question options:

The trait is dominant, every affected person has affect parent

The trait is recessive, it skips a generation

The trait is Y linked, passing only from father to son

The trait is X linked, Dad passes to daughter but not to son

The star person is male

The star person is female

The star person is heterozygous

The star person is homozygous recessive

The heart person is male

The heart person is female

The heart person is heterozygous

The heart person is homozygous dominant

For squash Dominant A means the squash is white. Little aa means the squash can produce color. Y means yellow squash and yy means green squash. If 2 heterozygous squash cross, how many of the offspring are likely to be ____white ____yellow ____green

11 white, 12 yellow, 4 green

What is it called when one gene allows another gene to express?

Epistasis

Lysis of membranes

Detergent in homogenization buffer dissolved phospholipid bilayer

Precipitation

Ice cold ethanol removed DNA from solution

Purification

Cheese cloth filtered out big chunks, then centrifugation separated debris from solution

Homogenization

Mortar & Pestle broke tissues into individual cells and broken open plant cell walls

In DNA, Adenine pairs with

Thymine (T)

.

In DNA, Cytosine pairs with

Guanine (G)

In RNA, Adenine pairs with

Uracil (U)

In RNA, Guanine pairs with

Cytosine (C)

Why do restriction endonucleases cut certain DNA segments?

sequence of nucleotides give unique shape

IF EcoRI has restriction (cut) sites at GAATTC, how many times would this DNA be cut _____ and how many fragments would be produced _____. Remember, you always have 1 more fragment than restriction site. 1 piece of string with 1 cut site will make 2 fragments.

5' TAGAATTCCTAGAATTCCG3'

2/3

Given this data, select all that are true.

Question options:

Fragment A 50bp

Fragment B 130bp

Fragment B 80bp

Fragment C 200bp

Fragment C 70bp

Given this gel, if DNA fragments are A 50bp, B 80bp and C 70bp, select all that are true of this gel.

Fragment C aligns at star

Fragment B aligns at lightning bolt

Fragment C aligns at heart

Fragment A aligns at hexagon

Fragment A aligns at oval

Given these data, if a person has a 1/10 chance of having Fragment A; 1/30 chance of having Fragment B; and 1/50 chance of having Fragment C, what is the chance someone having this exact DNA fingerprint?

1/15000

Transcription is

using nucleotide sequence of DNA to determine nucleotide sequence of RNA, occuring throughout the life of the cell

Transcribe this DNA to mRNA. Remember DNA uses ATGC. RNA uses AUGC. They will be antiparallel to each other.

5'ATCCGAT3'

3'UAGGCUA 5'

Translation is

using mRNA to determine amino acid sequence of proteins, in the cytoplasm of eukaryotes, two of these are correct

Given this mRNA sequence, select all that are true. 5'GACAUGCCCUGCUAG3'

Question options:

The first amino acid is ASP

Ignore all nucleotides from 5' until AUG

First amino acid is Met

Second amino acid is Pro

Third amino acid is Pro

Third amino acid is Cys

UAG is stop codon