Week 2 Pt.1 cont. - Meninges, CSF, and NTs

meninges

What is the system of membranes that cover the CNS to protect the contents of the brain and spinal cord?

dura mater

What meninge adheres to the inner surface of the skull and vertebrae?

subarachnoid space

What is the CSF filled space?

Dura, Arachnoid, and Pia

List the meninges from superficial to deep?

CSF

What is a clear, colorless liquid that is protein and glucose rich that helps to provide nourishment, protection (shock absorption), adn removes waste from the CNS?

choroid plexus

What structure produces 80% of the CSF?

Lateral ventricle ->

Third ventricle ->

Fourth ventricle ->

Surface of brain and spinal cord ->

Venous system (filters waste)

Trace the flow of CSF.

CSF leak

What is the clinical finding of the escaping of fluid from the subarachnoid space that can occur from craniofacial trauma or post surgical or lumbar puncture?

CSF leak

What are the sx associated with positional headache, neck stiffnes, nausea, vomiting?

Epidural blood patch, surgery, and/or caffeine (temporary)

What is the tx for CSF leak?

L3/L4 or L4/L5 in the subarachnoid space

Where is a lumbar puncture typically done?

NTs

What are the body's chemical messengers that carry a message across a synapse?

excitatory

What type of NT will stimulate the target cell to perform an action or trigger a change by stimulating an AP to continue a message?

inhibitory

What type of NT will inhibit a target cell blocking a message by preventing an AP?

modulatory

What type of NT helps to adjust communication and can be bound for a longer period?

Inhibitory, excitatory, and/or modulatory

What type of NT is dopamine?

secretion of GH

What does dopamine NT stimulate?

unnecessary movements and prolactin

What does dopamine NT inhibit?

dopamine

What NT has these roles:

Learning, motor control, reward, emotion, focus, concentration, motivation

substantia nigra of the basal ganglia at the base of the forebrain

What structure secretes dopamine?

adrenal glands

Where are noradrenergies (Epi and NorEpi) produced?

excitatory

What type of NT is Epi/adrenaline?

excitatory or inhibitor

What type of NT is NorEpi?

"fight or flight"

What is the function of noradrenergics (Epi adn Norepi)?

Primarily excitatory, but can be modulatory and inhibitory

What type of NT is acetylcholine?

dopamine

These Diagnoses are influenced by imbalance due to what NT?

Schizophrenia, psychosis, depression, ADHD, Parkinson's disease, MS, Huntington's disease, etc.

motor neurons

What secretes acetylcholine?

acetylcholine

What NT has these roles?

Stimulate muscle contraction, regulate sleep cycle, memory, heart rate, blood pressure, sexual desire, learning, etc.

dopamine

Reduction of what NT is seen in Parkinson's disease?

acetylcholine

These Diagnoses are influenced by imbalance due to what NT?

Alzheimer's, seizures, sleep disorders, neuromuscular disorders

glutamate

What is the most abundant excitatory NT of the CNS that helps cognitive functions of thinking, learning, and memory?

glutamate

What NTs has these functions?

Cognitive functions of thinking, learning, and memory

GABA

What is the most abundant inhibitory NT of the CNS and acts as a brake by reducing neuronal excitability?

GABA

What NT has these functions:

Regulates activity to reduce anxiety, irritability, improve concentration, improve sleep (prevents involuntary movt)

GABA

These Diagnoses are influenced by imbalance due to what NT?

Seizures, depression, anxiety, insomnia

glutamate

These Diagnoses are influenced by imbalance due to what NT?

Dementia, Parkinson's Disease, seizures, epilepsy, etc.

serotonin

What NT helps to regulate mood, sleep patterns, sexual desire, anxiety, appetite, and pain.--- generally, has a calming effect and promotes sleep?

autism

Too much serotonin can lead to what diagnosis?

Seasonal affective disorder, anxiety, depression, chronic pain, anger

Too little serotonin can lead to what diagnoses?

Primarily inhibitory but can be modulatory

What type of NT is serotonin?

Can be excitatory, inhibitory, or modulatory

What type of NT is histamine?

hypothalamus, cells of stomach mucosa, mast cells, and basophils

What produces histamine?

histamine

What NT has these roles:

Homeostasis for wakefulness, blood pressure, pain, sexual behavior, motivation, and digestion

histamine

These Diagnoses are influenced by imbalance due to what NT?

Asthma, bronchospasm symptoms, MS (inflammatory demyelination), mucosal edema

endorphins

What NTs are inhibitory in the CNS to help block other signals and are created and released by the pituitary gland and hypothalamus as a natural painkiller and "feel good" chemicals?

inhibitor

What type of NTs are endorphins?

endorphins

What type of NT has these roles?

•Relieve pain, reduce stress, improve mood, enhance well being

endorphins

These Diagnoses are influenced by imbalance due to what NT?

Fibromyalgia, some types of headaches, chronic pain, autism, depression, and depersonalization disorder

glycine

What is the MC inhibitory NT in the spinal cord?

glycine

What NT has these roles:

regulating digestive system health, constructing DNA and RNA, and maintaining health of muscles, skin, and connective tissues (repairs damage tissue)

glycine

These Diagnoses are influenced by imbalance due to what NT?

Metabolic syndromes

adenosine

What is a common inhibitory NT in the brain?

adenosine

What NT has these roles:

Promotes sleep and suppresses arousal, stores and releases ATP, has antiarrhythmic properties in SVT

acetylcholine

What is the main NT at the neuromuscular junctions?

alpha

What type of adrenergic receptor results in smooth muscle contraction such as vasoconstriction?

beta

What type of adrenergic receptor results in smooth muscle relaxation such as vasodilation?

cholinergic

What type of receptor releases and responds to acetylcholine?

catecholamines

What type of NTs do adrenergic receptors target?

muscarinic

What type of cholinergic receptor is a type of metabotropic receptor and mediates innervation to all major visceral organs, specifically several parasympathetic functions?

nicotinic

What type of cholinergic receptor is a type of ionotropic receptor and influences function at neuromuscular junction for both parasympathetic and sympathetic pathways?

NMDA

What receptor is activated by glutamate?

•Too little or too much of a neurotransmitter

•Receptor dysfunction

•Synaptic cleft damage

•The neurotransmitters present are reabsorbed too quickly

•Enzymes limit neurotransmitters from reaching the target cell

What are some reasons why imbalances of NTs occur?

•Facilitate improved neurotransmitter to receptor activity by blocking the enzyme

•Block the neurotransmitter from being received at the receptor site if too much is present

•Block the release of a neurotransmitter if too much is present

What are 3 options to fixing a NT dysfunction?