chronic adaptations

chronic physiological adaptations (define)

physiological changes to the cardiovascular, respiratory and muscular systems due to long-term training

chronic respiratory adaptations (list) ATVPR

increased alveolar density, tidal volume, ventilation, pulmonary diffusion and lower respiratory rate

cardiovascular adaptations (increases) (list) LV, strength, blood pump caps cells

increased left ventricle hypertrophy, stroke volume and cardiac output, capillarisation of the heart, capillarisation of skeletal muscles, a-VO2 difference, blood & haemoglobin levels.

cardiovascular adaptations (decreases) (list) fat guy got it

decreased resting hear rate, systolic pressure

chronic adaptations of the muscular system (4 motor units, 3 oxygenations, 3 storages)

improved skeletal muscle hypertrophy, rate of motor unit recruitment, synchronisation of motr units, number of motor units recruited, mitochondrial density, oxidative enzyme activity, A-Vo2 difference, glycolytic enzymes, glycogen stores, cp stores, ATPase

muscular adaptations that directly improve LIP

mitochondrial density, oxidative enzyme activity

muscular adaptations and lactate tolerance

enzyme activity (glycolitic enzymes, ATPase, Creatine Kinase), increased muscular fuel stores (CP and Glycogen)

Creatine kinase

speeds up chemical reactions involving breakdown of cp for the ATP-CP system. speeds up the process that resynthesises creatine and phosphate in CP

increased alveolar density (body system, structural/functional, training type, definition)

Respiratory, structural, aerobic, changes in the size, number and surface area of the alveoli. allows more oxygen to diffuse into the bloodstream through pulmonary capillaries.

increased tidal volume (body system, structural/functional, training type, definition)

respiratory, functional, aerobic. the amount of air that is inhaled and exhaled with each breath.

improved ventilation (body system, structural/functional, training type, definition)

respiratory, functional, aerobic. total volume of air breathed in one minute. product of respiratory rate and tidal volume.

lower respiratory rate (body system, structural/functional, training type, definition)

respiratory, functional, aerobic. the number of breaths taken per minute. decreases during both maximal and sub-maximal intensities

improved pulmonary diffusion (body system, structural/functional, training type, definition)

respiratory, functional, aerobic. the process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between lungs (via alveoli) and bloodstream (via capilleries). Allows for more oxygen to enter the bloodstream.

arteries

transport blood away from the heart to the muscles

veins

transport blood to the lungs from the muscles

increased left ventricle hypertrophy (body system, structural/functional, training type, definition)

cardiovascular, structural, aerobic. volume of the left ventricle increases, along with a slight thickening of the cardiac muscle. allows for a greater volume of blood to enter the left ventricle per beat.

increase stroke volume and cardiac output (body system, structural/functional, training type, definition)

cardiovascular, functional, aerobic. stroke volume = amount of blood pumped per beat. cardiac output = amount of blood pumped per minute

increased capillerisation of the heart

increased surface area where oxygen and metabolic by products are able to diffuse between the bloodstream and cardiac muscle cells.

increased capillarisation of skeletal muscles (body system, structural/functional, training type, definition)

cardiovascular, structural, aerobic. size and number of capilleries around a muscle increase. increased surface area where oxygen and metabolic by-products are able to diffuse between the skeletal muscles cells and bloodstream

increased A-VO2 difference (body system, structural/functional, training type, definition)

cardiovascular, functional, aerobic. the difference in oxygen concentration between the arteries and veins. occurs due to capilarisation of muscles so less oxygen is being diffused back into the veins

improved blood and haemoglobin levels (body system, structural/functional, training type, definition)

cardiovascular, structural, aerobic. volume of blood in our cells increases as well as plasma and haemoglobin levels. allows for greater amounts of oxygen to bind to red blood cells and be transported.

decreased resting heart rate (body system, structural/functional, training type, definition)

cardiovascular, functional, aerobic. aerobically trained people have lower resting heart levels at any cardiac output.

decreased systolic blood pressure (body system, structural/functional, training type, definition)

cardiovascular, functional, aerobic. the pressure exerted by blood against arterial walls when the heart contracts and pumps blood.

skeletal muscle hypertrophy (body system, structural/functional, training type, definition)

muscular, structural, resistance and aerobic. increased size and number of muscle fibres.

type I and II muscle fibres

slow and fast twitch

improved rate of motor unit recruitment (body system, structural/functional, training type, definition)

muscular, functional, plyometric or resistance. how fast a motor neuron can signal a contraction.

improved synchronisation of motor units (body system, structural/functional, training type, definition)

muscular, functional, resistance training. the coordination and timing of motor neurons signalling fibres to contract simultaneously. allows for greater force production.

improved number of motor units recruited (body system, structural/functional, training type, definition)

muscular, functional, resistance training (strength). the total amount of motor units signalling a muscle fibre to contract.

increased mitochondrial denity (body system, structural/functional, training type, definition)

muscular, structural, aerobic. mitochodnria are organelles that use oxygen to break down glucose and FFAs to resynthisise ATP

increased oxidative enzymes activity (body system, structural/functional, training type, definition)

muscular, structural, aerobic. molecules that speed up the rate of chemical reactions involved with using oxygen for aerobic energy production. aerobic training increases these enzymes activity, enabling a greater rate of oxygen utilization.

increased A-VO2 difference (body system, structural/functional, training type, definition)

muscular, functional, aerobic. difference in oxygen concentration between the arteries and veins

increased glycolytic enzymes (body system, structural/functional, training type, definition)

muscular, structural, aerobic and anerobic. molecules that speed up the rate of reactions involved with metabolyzing glycogen for energy production.

increased glycogen stores (body system, structural/functional, training type, definition)

muscular, structural, aerobic and anaerobic. increase in glycogen stores in the muscle.

increased CP stores (body system, structural/functional, training type, definition)

muscular, structural, anaerobic, increase in CP stores in the muscle. improved ability to rely on the ATP-CP system to produce energy for longer periods.

increased ATPase (body system, structural/functional, training type, definition)

muscular, structural, anaerobic. an enzyme that assists with resynthesising ATP from ADP. enhances ATP resynthesis via the ATP-CP system and improves anaerobic capacity.