Protestant Reformation, Catholic and Counter-Reformations, Wars of Religion Key Terms and Key People

Reformation

Transformation of the church

Peace of Augsburg

Allowed German princes to choose the religion of their subjects although the choice was limited to either Lutheranism or Calvinism

Indulgences

Sold by Johann Tetzel (who was authorized by Pope Leo X), and they would guarantee the remission of sins, and the proceeds from that would go toward rebuilding St. Peter’s Church in Rome and to provide funds to local dioceses (very shady and Martin Luther did not like this)

The Diet of Worms

A tribunal of the Holy Roman Empire with the power to outlaw who tried Martin Luther for going against the church

Spanish Inquisition

Religious court who was supposed to suppress heresy

Huguenots

French Protestants

Council of Trent

Purpose was to reform the Catholic Church and forge some reconciliation with the Protestants

Jesuits

Society of Jesus. They: served as advisors to Catholic kings, sent missionaries around the world, indoctrinated youth in schools, suppressed heresy through the Inquisition, and became the militant arm of the Counter-Reformation

Index of Prohibited Books

List of books that taught heretical doctrines that were banned by the Catholic Church

The Thirty Years’ War

Culmination of the religious wars of the 16th century between Catholics and Protestants. German princes wanted autonomy from the Holy Roman Empire, France wanted to limit the power of the Habsburgs who wanted to extend power in Germany, Sweden and Denmark wanted to strengthen their hold over the Baltic region.

Bohemian Phase - Czechs defenestrated (threw out a window) the king’s representatives because they were scared he would deny their religious preferences

Danish Phase -

Swedish Phase

French-International Phase

War of Three Henrys

Partially religious and partially dynastic, Henry III was counseled to root out the Huguenot nobility by Henry of Guise, involved Henry III, Henry of Guise, and Henry of Navarre. Henry III and Henry of Guise were murdered/assassinated, leaving Henry of Navarre to claim power

Edict of Nantes

Issued by Henry of Navarre, allowed Huguenots religious freedom in strongholds

Sir Thomas More

Martin Luther

Founder of Protestantism/leader of Protestant Reformation, went against what the Catholic Church did, believed in these things: salvation by faith alone, the Bible is the ultimate authority, the grace of God brings absolution, baptism and communion are the only valid sacraments, the clergy is not superior to the laity, and the Church should be subordinate to the state. Burned a papal bull, was outlawed, smuggled to safety in Wittenberg by Frederick the Wise, and continued building his religion

John Calvin

Published Institutes of the Christian Religion in Switzerland, believed in: predestination, church government, the church shouldn’t be subordinate to the state, and made good use of printing press

Ignatius of Loyola

Established the Jesuits (Society of Jesus), they swore to suppress Protestantism and they: served as advisers to Catholic kings, suppressed heresy through the Inquisition, established schools in Catholic nations to indoctrinate the young, sent missionaries all over the world, and became the militant arm of the Counter-Reformation

Cardinal Richelieu

Roman Catholic regent of France, was concerned with the gains made by the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II in Germany, France pursued nationalist interests rather than religious ones as a matter of state policy under him, and he offered subsidies to encourage the Swedish king to enter the war

Charles V of Spain and Austria

Holy Roman Emperor

Philip II of Spain

Simony

Buying and selling of church offices

Nepotism

The appointing of family and friends into church offices