chemistry review

What is the Arrhenius definition of an acid?

An Arrhenius acid increases H⁺ concentration in water.

What is the Arrhenius definition of a base?

An Arrhenius base increases OH⁻ concentration in water.

What does the Brønsted-Lowry definition classify as an acid?

A proton (H⁺) donor.

What does the Brønsted-Lowry definition classify as a base?

A proton (H⁺) acceptor.

What are strong acids and bases?

Strong acids and bases fully ionize in water.

Give an example of a strong acid.

HCl (hydrochloric acid) is a strong acid.

Give an example of a weak acid.

CH₃COOH (acetic acid) is a weak acid.

What is the pH scale range for acidic solutions?

The pH scale range for acidic solutions is from 0 to 6.

What is the formula to calculate pH?

pH = -log[H⁺]

What happens to [H⁺] when pH increases by 1 unit?

There is a 10× difference in [H⁺] with a change of 1 pH unit.

What is the general reaction for neutralization?

Acid + Base → Salt + Water.

What is the purpose of titration in chemistry?

To find the concentration of an unknown acid or base.

What is the equation used to calculate the number of moles (n)?

n = C × V (where C is concentration and V is volume).

What is a complete combustion reaction?

Fuel + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O.

What is produced during incomplete combustion?

CO (carbon monoxide) and C (soot), along with H₂O.

What is acid rain primarily caused by?

Acids formed from sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the air.

What is the effect of acid rain on aquatic life?

Acid rain lowers the pH of lakes, harming aquatic life.

What role does limestone (CaCO₃) play in the environment?

It neutralizes acids in soil and water.

What is one method for controlling emissions of sulfur dioxide?

Scrubbers remove SO₂ from smokestacks using limestone.

What is photochemical smog caused by?

Sunlight interacting with nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) to form ozone (O₃).

What are hydrocarbons?

Organic compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen.

What are functional groups in organic chemistry?

Groups of atoms that give specific chemical properties and uses to molecules.

What is the first step in naming organic compounds?

Find the longest carbon chain that includes the functional group.

What is the general equation of esterification?

Alcohol + Carboxylic Acid → Ester + Water.

How many bonds does carbon typically make?

Each carbon atom makes 4 bonds.