1 & 2nd Lines of Defense

First line of defense

intact skin and its secretions, mucous membranes

neutrophil

leukocyte that kills by engulfing

secretes enzymes in inflammatory response

short-lived

abundant

make up pus

Phagoctyes

class of leukocytes that kill microbes by engulfing

2nd line of defense

inflammation, fever, phagocytes

Macrophage

leukocyte that kills by engulfing

releases cytokines

responsible for initiating fever response by relase of IL-1

long-lived

can remove large amounts of dead cells

Histamine

Chemical stored in mast cells and basophils that triggers dilation and increased permeability of capillaries.

Arachidonic acid

chemical released by body cells in response to injury

substrate for COX enzyme

Prostaglandins

Product of COX enzyme after arachadonic acid binds

Intensify histamine effect

Intensify Interleukin-1 effects

Intensify pain signal

Interleukin-1 (IL-1)

released by macrophages

causes fever

acts in hypothalamus

Inflammatory response

nonspecific defense against infection or injury, characterized by colour change, heat, swelling, and pain

Aspirin (ASA)

Acetylsalicilic Acid

anti-inflammatory

antipyretic (fever reducer)

Blood thinner

pain reliever

Binds to Cox 1/Cox 2

Generally not given to anyone under the age of 18

Advil

Ibuprofen

anti-inflammatory

antipyretic (fever reducer)

Blood thinner

pain reliever

Binds to Cox 1/Cox 2

Safer for kids 6 months + (as long as no viral infection)

Tylenol

acetaminophen

NOT an anti-inflammatory

antipyretic (fever reducer)

NOT a Blood thinner

pain reliever

DOESN'T Bind to Cox 1/Cox 2 - instead it works directly in the brain

Safe for children of all ages

**toxic to liver

Warm, moist compresses

Improve circulation by dilating blood vessels, relieve pain, NOT appropraite for active inflammation

Cold, dry compresses

Constrict blood vessels thereby reducing swelling and subsequently pain.

Phagosome

Microbes taken up by phagocytosis enclosed in a membrane

lysosome

An organelle containing digestive enzymes - fuses with phagosome to digest pathogens during phagocytosis

Fever

a rise in the temperature of the body (above 37.5)

COX-1

protects stomach lining and regulates blood platelets

COX-2

found in tissues, triggers inflammation, pain, and increases fever by producing prostaglandins

Basophils

A circulating leukocyte that produces histamine and heparin.

Eosinophils

A leukocyte that specializes in protecting the body from parasites and allergens.