Pathophysiology Quiz 09/08 NOT DONE YET

Cellular Adaptations, Cell death, and Terms PAGE 6 of Part 2 of Introduction to Cellular Change AND other etc.

Hypertrophy

Increase in cell SIZE

Growth factors, hormone stimulation, heightened in functional demand
EX. Enlarged heart due to hypertension

Atrophy

Decrease in organ tissue size

Decrease in cell size and number of cells, decrease in metabolic activity - decrease in protein synthesis

EX. Muscle atrophy in bedridden patient, lack of muscle use

Hyperplasia

Increase in cell number, increase mass of organ

Increase in cell division, compensating “making up for”, disease/drug related, hormone driven

EX. Gingivitis hyperplasia

Metaplasia

Replacing one cell type with another to better withstand stress

Stressor reprograms genetic expression in stem cells

EX. Smoking

Dysplasia

Abnormal growth, increase in number of atypical cells, abnormal size, shape or growth

DNA damage
EX. DNA damage, abnormal growth - cancer, birth defect

Neoplasia

New growth (permanent)

Damaged/mutated DNA - disruption over normal, cell growth-tumor

EX. Brain tumor, lung cancer

Benign

Non-cancerous, do NOT spread to other body parts, remain at the site of origin, cells grow as a compact mass

Malignant

Cancerous, CAN spread to other body parts, grows everywhere

Apoptosis

Cell death through activation of an internally controlled program (programmed cell death)

Designed to eliminate unwanted cells

WHY: Development abnormal cell number are excessive cells are injured/aging

Necrosis

Cell death or deconstruction of tissue, usually after …

Toxic/Chemical Injuries

Can produce chem that damage cells can alter cell membrane permeability

Endogenous

Chemicals from inside the body - bacterial toxins, auto antibiotics

Exogenous

Chemicals outside the body

CO - Carbon monoxide ….

Infectious Injuries

Caused by infectious agents

Some cause cell lysis - a release of destructive enzymes

Physical Injuries

Mechanical / Pressure

Temperature extremes - Impairs blood flow and supply lowers cell metabolism

Deficit Injuries

Less than - Hypoxia decrease in O2 to tissues

Ischemia

Decreased supply of oxygenated blood to tissue - can lead to hypoxia

Genetic Defects

Can cause metabolic abnormalities in all

EX. Sickle Cell Anemia

Nutritional Deficits

EX. Rickets, vitamin D deficiency can lead to soft bones and muscle weakening

Fluid and Electrolyte imbalances

Sodium, Potassium, Calcium

Radiation

Alters DNA excites toxins withing a cell