Psychology Lecture Notes Flashcards

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Vocabulary flashcards for reviewing Psychology Lecture Notes.

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61 Terms

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Proximity

Closer physical distance increases the likelihood of friendship formation.

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Mere Exposure

Repeated contact with someone or something increases liking.

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Similarity

Shared traits and attitudes lead to attraction.

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Social Capital

Value gained from social networks.

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Social Exchange Theory

The theory that relationships are based on maximizing rewards and minimizing costs.

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Equity Theory

Fairness in relationships is achieved when both partners' rewards minus costs are equal.

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Interdependence Theory

Satisfaction in a relationship depends on expected outcomes (CL), and the decision to stay or leave depends on best alternative (CLalt).

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Comparison Level (CL)

Expected outcomes in a relationship, influencing satisfaction.

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CLalt

The best alternative to the current relationship, influencing the decision to stay or leave.

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Investment Model

Adds investments and commitment to social exchange theory to explain relationship stability.

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Passionate Love

Intense, physical love.

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Companionate Love

Deep, affectionate love.

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Triangular Theory of Love

Love consists of intimacy, passion, and commitment.

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Secure Attachment Style

Trusting in relationships.

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Avoidant Attachment Style

Distant in relationships.

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Anxious Attachment Style

Clingy and fearful in relationships.

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Prosocial Behavior

Helping others.

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Altruism

Helping with no benefit to self.

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Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis

Empathy leads to altruism.

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Kin Selection

Helping relatives to pass on genes.

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Bystander Effect

The more people present, the less likely someone is to help.

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Instrumental Aggression

Goal-oriented aggression.

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Emotional (Hostile) Aggression

Aggression stemming from anger.

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Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

Blocked goals lead to aggression.

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Weapons Effect

Aggressive cues increase aggression.

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Social Learning Theory (Aggression)

Aggression is learned through modeling (e.g., Bandura).

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Social Facilitation

Easy tasks are performed better with an audience.

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Social Loafing

Less effort is exerted in groups.

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Group Polarization

Group decisions become more extreme.

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Groupthink

Pressure to agree leads to poor decisions.

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Social Dilemma

Conflict between individual vs. group interests.

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Prisoner’s Dilemma

Conflict between trust vs. betrayal.

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Tragedy of the Commons

Shared resources are overused.

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Public Goods Dilemma

Free riders hurt the group.

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Tit-for-Tat

Cooperate, then mirror other's move to build trust.

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Cognitive Dissonance

Feeling bad when actions don't match beliefs.

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Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)

A theory about how people are persuaded, based on how much they think about the message.

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Central Route to Persuasion

Persuasion through careful consideration of facts.

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Peripheral Route to Persuasion

Persuasion based on gut feelings, looks, or emotions.

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Heuristics

Mental shortcuts.

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Schemas

Mental templates that help understand and remember information.

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Availability Heuristic

Thinking something is common if easily recalled.

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Representativeness Heuristic

Judging by how much something looks like a typical example.

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Anchoring & Adjustment Heuristic

Relying too much on the first number heard.

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Prejudice

Negative feelings about a group.

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Stereotype

Oversimplified belief about a group.

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Discrimination

Unfair behavior toward a group.

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In-group Bias

Favoring our own group.

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Realistic Conflict Theory

Groups fight over resources.

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Scapegoating

Blaming another group for problems.

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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Expectations shape how people behave.

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Stereotype Threat

Fear of confirming a stereotype hurts performance.

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Out-Group Homogeneity

"They're all the same."

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Self-Concept

What we know and believe about ourselves.

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Looking-Glass Self

We see ourselves how others treat us.

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Self-Esteem

How much we value ourselves.

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Self-Perception Theory

We learn who we are by watching what we do.

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Self-Serving Bias

Credit success to self, blame failure on others.

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Upward Comparison

Compare to someone better (can motivate).

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Downward Comparison

Compare to someone worse (can boost self-esteem).

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Spotlight Effect

We think people notice us more than they do.