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Vocabulary flashcards for reviewing Psychology Lecture Notes.
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Proximity
Closer physical distance increases the likelihood of friendship formation.
Mere Exposure
Repeated contact with someone or something increases liking.
Similarity
Shared traits and attitudes lead to attraction.
Social Capital
Value gained from social networks.
Social Exchange Theory
The theory that relationships are based on maximizing rewards and minimizing costs.
Equity Theory
Fairness in relationships is achieved when both partners' rewards minus costs are equal.
Interdependence Theory
Satisfaction in a relationship depends on expected outcomes (CL), and the decision to stay or leave depends on best alternative (CLalt).
Comparison Level (CL)
Expected outcomes in a relationship, influencing satisfaction.
CLalt
The best alternative to the current relationship, influencing the decision to stay or leave.
Investment Model
Adds investments and commitment to social exchange theory to explain relationship stability.
Passionate Love
Intense, physical love.
Companionate Love
Deep, affectionate love.
Triangular Theory of Love
Love consists of intimacy, passion, and commitment.
Secure Attachment Style
Trusting in relationships.
Avoidant Attachment Style
Distant in relationships.
Anxious Attachment Style
Clingy and fearful in relationships.
Prosocial Behavior
Helping others.
Altruism
Helping with no benefit to self.
Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis
Empathy leads to altruism.
Kin Selection
Helping relatives to pass on genes.
Bystander Effect
The more people present, the less likely someone is to help.
Instrumental Aggression
Goal-oriented aggression.
Emotional (Hostile) Aggression
Aggression stemming from anger.
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
Blocked goals lead to aggression.
Weapons Effect
Aggressive cues increase aggression.
Social Learning Theory (Aggression)
Aggression is learned through modeling (e.g., Bandura).
Social Facilitation
Easy tasks are performed better with an audience.
Social Loafing
Less effort is exerted in groups.
Group Polarization
Group decisions become more extreme.
Groupthink
Pressure to agree leads to poor decisions.
Social Dilemma
Conflict between individual vs. group interests.
Prisoner’s Dilemma
Conflict between trust vs. betrayal.
Tragedy of the Commons
Shared resources are overused.
Public Goods Dilemma
Free riders hurt the group.
Tit-for-Tat
Cooperate, then mirror other's move to build trust.
Cognitive Dissonance
Feeling bad when actions don't match beliefs.
Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)
A theory about how people are persuaded, based on how much they think about the message.
Central Route to Persuasion
Persuasion through careful consideration of facts.
Peripheral Route to Persuasion
Persuasion based on gut feelings, looks, or emotions.
Heuristics
Mental shortcuts.
Schemas
Mental templates that help understand and remember information.
Availability Heuristic
Thinking something is common if easily recalled.
Representativeness Heuristic
Judging by how much something looks like a typical example.
Anchoring & Adjustment Heuristic
Relying too much on the first number heard.
Prejudice
Negative feelings about a group.
Stereotype
Oversimplified belief about a group.
Discrimination
Unfair behavior toward a group.
In-group Bias
Favoring our own group.
Realistic Conflict Theory
Groups fight over resources.
Scapegoating
Blaming another group for problems.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Expectations shape how people behave.
Stereotype Threat
Fear of confirming a stereotype hurts performance.
Out-Group Homogeneity
"They're all the same."
Self-Concept
What we know and believe about ourselves.
Looking-Glass Self
We see ourselves how others treat us.
Self-Esteem
How much we value ourselves.
Self-Perception Theory
We learn who we are by watching what we do.
Self-Serving Bias
Credit success to self, blame failure on others.
Upward Comparison
Compare to someone better (can motivate).
Downward Comparison
Compare to someone worse (can boost self-esteem).
Spotlight Effect
We think people notice us more than they do.